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Charles Edward Merriam

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Charles Edward Merriam
Tavalludi 1874-yil 15-noyabr
Hopkinton, Iowa, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari
Vafoti 1953-yil 8-yanvar
Rockville, Merilend, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari
Fuqaroligi AQSh
Sohasi Siyosatshunoslik
Institutlar Chikago universiteti
Ilmiy darajasi Professor
Tezis sarlavhasi Russodan beri suverinitet nazariyasi tarixi (1900-yil)
Akademik rahbarlari Jon Burgess
Taʼsir olgan

Jerom Frank

Gerbart A.Simon
Taʼsir koʻrsatgan

Otto von Gierke Frank Johnson Goodnow Hugo Preuß James Harvey Robinson

Edwin R. A. Seligman
Turmush oʻrtogʻi Elizabet Xilda Doyl

Charlz Edvard Merriam [lower-alpha 1] (1874–1953) - amerikalik siyosatshunos, Chikago universiteti professori. siyosatshunoslikga xulq-atvor yondashuvining asoschisi, ko'plab aspirantlarning murabbiyi, taniqli olim. Progressiv Harakat va bir nechta AQSh prezidentlarining maslahatchisi boʻlgan. O'limidan keyin The New York Times uni "mamlakatdagi taniqli siyosatshunoslardan biri" deb atadi.[1]

Yoshlik va ta'lim

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Charlz Merriam 1874-yil 15-noyabrda Ayova shtatining Xopkinton shahrida[1][2][3][4] Charlz Edvard Merriam va Margaret Kempbell Kirkvud Merriam oilasida tugʻilgan.[2] Merriamlar nasl-nasabini 1638-yilda Massachusets shtatida ko'chib kelgan shotland muhojirlari bilan bogʻlagan[5] Otasi AQSH da fuqarolar urushi vaqti 1855-yilda Ayovaga ko'chib o'tdi va 12-Ayova piyodalar polkida xizmat qildi. Charlz va Margaret (ikkalasi ham presviterianlar) 1868-yilda turmush qurishgan[6] Charlz E. Merriam Sr do'konga ega bo'lib, Xopkintondagi maktab direktori edi.[7] Charlzning akasi Jon C. Merriam (taniqli paleontolog boʻlgan) edi va uning Syuzan Agnes Merriam ismli singlisi bor edi.[8]

Merriam Xopkintondagi davlat maktabida o'qidi.[9] U 1893-yilda Lenox kollejini tugatgan (otasi maktabning ishonchli vakili edi),[2][10] bir yil maktabda dars bergan[10] va keyin Ayova universitetida huquq fanlar bakalavri darajasini olish uchun 1895-yilda kollejga qaytib keldi. [2] U 1897-yilda magistr darajasini va 1900-yilda Kolumbiya universitetida falsafa fanlari doktori darajasini oldi.[1] U 1899-yilda doktorlik dissertatsiyasini tamomlagan vaqtida Parij va Berlinda oʻqigan. U o'zining dastlabki siyosiy fikrlarini o'zlashtirgan ustozlari orasida Frank Jonson Gudnou, Otto fon Gierke va Jeyms Xarvi Robinson bor edi.[11]

U 1900-yilda Elizabeth Xilda Doylga (Nyu-York, Konstebl) uylandi.[12]

Ish faoliyati

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Akademik martaba va hissalar

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Merriam 1900-yilda Chikago universitetining siyosatshunoslik fakultetining birinchi a'zosi sifatida fakultetga qo'shildi.[4] U 1903-yilda “Amerika siyosiy nazariyalari tarixi” nomli asarini yozdi va bu kitob Amerika siyosiy harakatlarining muhim tahlili haqidadir. Rivojlanayotgan Progressiv harakatini kuchli qoʻllab-quvvatlagan .[4] Kafedrada tez muvaffaqiyatga erishib, 1911-yilda toʻliq professor darajasiga yetdi va 1911-yildan pensiyaga chiqqunga qadar siyosatshunoslik kafedrasi mudiri lavozimida ishladi. 1907-yildan 1911-yilgacha u Savdo va ma'muriyat kollejining raisi bo'lib ishlagan (But biznes maktabining asoschisi).[13]

Merriam akademiyada ishlagan yillarida Qo'shma Shtatlardagi siyosatshunoslik faniga sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Ikki siyosatshunos 1985-yilda ushbu fanni o'rganishda ta'kidlanganidek, "Merriamning qo'lini zamonaviy siyosatshunoslikning deyarli barcha jabhalarida ko'rish mumkin".[14] Merriam 2008-yilda boshqa siyosatshunos tomonidan ushbu fan bo'yicha Merriamning tafakkuriga berilgan baho: "Bu davrda har qanday olim kabi, Merriam akademiyada Amerika demokratiyasini qanday o'rganish kerakligi me'yorini o'rnatdi"[15] Siyosatshunos Gabriel Almond shunday xulosaga keldi: "Chikago maktabi zamonaviy siyosatshunoslik tarixida asoschi ta'sirga ega boʻlgani odatda tan olinadi va Charlz E. Merriam Chikago maktabining asoschisi va shakllantiruvchisi sifatida tan olinadi".[16]

Merriam siyosatshunoslik amaliyotida ma'lumotlar va miqdoriy tahlildan foydalanishning yetakchi himoyachisi edi[17] (uning o'zi matematika yoki statistika bo'yicha deyarli hech qanday ma'lumotga ega bo'lmagan bo'lsa ham)[18] va siyosatshunoslikka bixevioristik yondashuvga asos solgan.[19][20] Merriam "nazariyaning foydaliligini inkor etdi" va uning o'rniga yanada uyg'un, demokratik va plyuralistik jamiyatni yaratishga qaratilgan "amaliy" siyosatshunoslikni yoqladi.[21][22] Bu fikrlashning natijasi uning "ijtimoiy olimlarni jamiyatning siyosiy rahbarlariga texnik maslahatchilar sifatida qarashi" edi.[23]

Merriam, shuningdek, akademiyada siyosatshunoslik kafedrasini boshqarishda salmoqli hissa qo'shdi. U oʻsha davrning eng yaxshi olimlaridan iborat fakultetni toʻpladi[14] va u va fakultet keyingi avlodning eng yorqin siyosatshunoslarini yetishtirib chiqdi va 30 yil davomida fanda yetakchilik qilgan kafedrani yaratdi.[18] Uning ta'siri shunday ediki, bo'limning tuzilishi, xodimlari va obro'si 1940-yilda nafaqaga chiqqanidan keyin ham ta;sirini yo'qotmadi[16] U, shuningdek, intizomni Yevropa uslubidagi nazariy munozaralardan uzoqlashtirib, haqiqiy tadqiqotlarga o'tkazishga intildi va Qo'shma Shtatlarda birinchi ijtimoiy fanlar bo'yicha fanlararo tadqiqot institutlarini tashkil qildi.[18] U, shuningdek, ushbu tadqiqotni moliyalashtirish hususiida xususiy grantlar va jamg'arma pullarini olishda yetakchi boʻlgan.[14] Garold Lassvellning so'zlariga ko'ra, Merriam shuningdek, psixologiyadan siyosatshunoslik sohasiga qadar tushunchalardan foydalanishni targ'ib qilgan.[24]

Merriam Qo'shma Shtatlardagi shtatlar tng tanqidchisi edi. U shtatlar tizimi shaharlar uchun muammo ekanligini ta'kidladi, chunki shtat hukumatlari na shaharlarni boshqaradi, na shaharlarni o'zini boshqarishiga ruxsat beradi.[25]

Mahalliy siyosiy martaba

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Merriam 1906-yilgi Chikago shahar Xartiyasi konventsiyasi a'zosi edi.[26] U 1906-yilda Chikago shahar klubi tomonidan Chikago soliq tizimini o'rganish uchun topshirilgan va keyinchalik ushbu nufuzli tashkilotning vitse-prezidenti bo'lib ishlagan.[27] U 1909-yildan 1911-yilgacha[1][27][28] 1903-yildagi darsligining muvaffaqiyati tufayli (qisman) g'olib boʻlgan eski 7-chi palatada Chikago shahar kengashining Aldermani bo'lib xizmat qilgan.[4] U ikkita asosiy qo'mitada (Jinoyat va moliya) xizmat qilgan, shuningdek, uchta muhim shahar komissiyalarida (Shahar xarajatlari, bandargoh va chiqindilar) xizmat qilgan.[27] Harbor komissiyasida xizmat qilayotganda u Franklin D. Ruzveltning amakisi Frederik Delano bilan tanishdi.[27]

“MOR CHAS UCHUN. E MERRIAM" Charlz Edvard Merriam kompaniyasi multfilmi

U 1911-yilda Chikago meri lavozimiga respublikachi sifatida (muvaffaqiyatsiz) o'z lavozimini tark etdi.[1][2][4][28] Uning kampaniya menejeri Xarold Ikes edi.[27][29] U Respublikachilar partiyasining praymeriz saylovlarida juda katta farq bilan g'alaba qozongan bo'lsa-da, u umumiy saylovda kichik Karter Xarrisonga yutqazdi[30] Merriam va Ickes Illinoys Progressiv partiyasini yaratishda yordam berishdi va ular Robert M. La Folletteni Teodorgacha prezidentlikka qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Ruzvelt uni Progressiv partiya nomzodi uchun mag'lub etdi.[31] U 1912-yilda sobiq prezident Teodor Ruzvelt uchun " Buqa Muz " chiptasi ostida saylovoldi tashviqotini olib bordi[1] U yana 1913-yildan 1917-yilgacha,[1] respublikachi emas, mustaqil bo'lsa ham, Alderman sifatida xizmat qildi.[28] 1916-yilda u ko'plab kvazi-davlat korporatsiyalarini yaratishga yordam bergan va Chikago Park tumanini tashkil etgan xususiy tashkilot boʻlgan Jamoat samaradorligi byurosini tuzdi.[1][31] Merriam 1917-yilda respublikachilarning praymerizda atigi besh ovoz bilan magʻlubiyatga uchraganidan keyin alderman lavozimiga qayta saylanish uchun oʻz nomzodini qoʻldan boy berdi[31] U 1919-yilda yana shahar merligi uchun kurash olib borib, Respublikachilar partiyasidan amaldagi prezident Uilyam Xeyl Tompsonga yutqazib qo'ydi.[4][29][32]

Federal xizmat

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Charlz Merriam (chapda) va Lui Braunlou 1938-yilda Oq uyda.

Charlz E. Merriam bir nechta prezidentlarning maslahatchisi boʻlgan va federal xizmatda uzoq vaqt ishlagan. 1911-yilda prezident Uilyam Xovard Taft unga Iqtisodiyot va samaradorlik komissiyasiga, 1910-yildagi Fuqarolik mablagʻlari toʻgʻrisidagi qonunga muvofiq, ijro hokimiyati boshqaruvini oʻrganish uchun tashkil etilgan organga taklif qildi, ammo Merriam rad etdi.[31][33] 1917-yilda Prezident Vudro Vilson undan yangi tashkil etilgan Tarif komissiyasida (hozirgi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Xalqaro Savdo Komissiyasi) xizmat qilishni so'radi, lekin u yana federal xizmatdan bosh tortdi.[31][34]

Birinchi jahon urushi paytida 43 yoshli Merriam AQSh armiyasining signal korpusiga qo'shildi, kapitan etib tayinlandi va federal hukumatning Chikago mintaqasi uchun aviatsiya ekspertiza kengashida xizmat qildi.[1][35][36] U, shuningdek, AQSh jamoatchiligi fikriga ta'sir ko'rsatish va Amerikaning Birinchi jahon urushidagi ishtirokini rag'batlantirish uchun tashkil etilgan mustaqil hukumat agentligi boʻlgan federal hukumatning Jamoatchilik axboroti qo'mitasida[35][37]. Italiyaning Rim shahridagi ma'lumot, u yerda u italyan jamoatchilik fikrini o'zgartirish uchun mo'ljallangan tashviqotni ishlab chiqdi.[2][35][38][39] Uning vazifasi nafaqat Italiya jamoatchiligini Italiyani ittifoqchilar tomonidagi urushda ushlab turishga undash, balki sotsialistik va kommunistik siyosiy partiyalarni qo'llab-quvvatlashga putur yetkazish edi.[35][40] U hatto sotsialistik lider Benito Mussolinini urushni qo'llab-quvvatlashga ishontirish uchun Rokfeller jamg'armasidan foydalangan bo'lishi mumkin.[35][41] Biroq, Rimda boʻlgan vaqtida Merriam AQSh elchisi va elchixona xodimlarining vakolatlarini o'zlashtirib oldi va uning takroriy to'qnashuvlari uni atigi olti oylik lavozimda boʻlganidan keyin Qo'shma Shtatlarga qaytarib yuborishga sabab bo'ldi.[39] Merriam Italiyadagi tajribasidan qattiq hayratda qolganini da'vo qildi, garchi u o'z qarashlari qanday o'zgarganini aniq aytmagan.[35] Shuningdek, u chet elda boʻlganida nikohdan tashqari aloqa bilan shug'ullangan va bu nikohida muammolarga olib kelgan.[35]

Chikagoga qaytib, Merriam siyosatshunoslar tomonidan siyosat ishlab chiqish, fuqarolik ta'limi va jamoatchilik fikrida tajribadan foydalanish bo'yicha bir qator qiyosiy tadqiqotlarni muvofiqlashtirdi va tahrir qildi.[42] Merriamning " Fuqarolarning yaratilishi" (1934) seriyasiga qo'shgan hissasi Sovet Rossiyasi, fashistlar Germaniyasi va fashistik Italiyaning milliy maqsad tuyg'usini kuchaytirish va siyosat maqsadlariga erishish uchun ushbu vositalardan foydalanishini yuqori baholadi.[43] Merriam bu rejimlarni qattiq tanqid qildi va ilmiyroq yondashuv bu hukumatlar tayanadigan messianizmdan qochib, demokratik va plyuralistik me'yorlarni mustahkamlaydi, deb hisoblardi.[43]

U 1923-yilda Lora Spelman Rokfeller Memorial Jamg'armasi mablag'lari evaziga Mahalliy Jamiyat Tadqiqot Qo'mitasiga (LCRC) asos solgan, shahar muammolari bo'yicha ma'lumotlarni to'plash va joriy siyosat g'oyalarini tarqatish dasturlarini yaratgan.[44] U, shuningdek, 1923-yilda Rokfeller jamg'armasi granti bilan Ijtimoiy fanlar bo'yicha tadqiqot kengashini (LCRCning o'sishi) tashkil etishga yordam berdi va 1924-yilda uning birinchi prezidenti bo'lib ishladi[1] 1929-yilda u (yana Spelman Rokfeller memorial jamg'armasi granti bilan) davlat boshqaruvi sohasidagi uyushmalar o'rtasida hamkorlik va aloqani ta'minlovchi qo'shimcha guruh boʻlgan Davlat boshqaruvi hisob-kitob markaziga asos solgan.[45]

Merriam 1925-yilda Amerika Siyosatshunoslik Assotsiatsiyasi prezidenti boʻlib ishlagan[3][4][46] O'sha yili u dolzarb ijtimoiy muammolarga yechim izlashda siyosatshunoslik tadqiqotlari resurslarini jamlashga harakat qilgan "Siyosatning yangi jihatlari " kitobini yozdi.[4][47]

Merriam 1929-yilda davlat xizmatiga qaytib, Prezident Gerbert Guverning Prezidentning Ijtimoiy tendentsiyalar bo'yicha tadqiqot qo'mitasi (PRCST) raisi o'rinbosari bo'lib ishlagan.[1][48][49][50][51] Demografiya va paydo bo'layotgan ijtimoiy muammolar bo'yicha muhim federal tadqiqot tashabbusi, PRCST "Qo'shma Shtatlarda ijtimoiy fanlar bo'yicha tadqiqotlar yo'nalishi va foydalanishni o'zgartirdi".[49][50][51]

Ikes bilan munosabatlari unga prezident Franklin D. Ruzvelt davrida mamlakat poytaxtida xizmatini davom ettirishga imkon berdi.[1] Buyuk Depressiya davrida u mamlakatning eng nufuzli siyosatshunosi hisoblangan.[52][53] 1933-yil iyul oyida Xarold Ikes (hozirgi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Ichki ishlar vaziri) Merriamni Milliy rejalashtirish kengashiga (va uning vorislari, Milliy resurslar kengashi va Milliy resurslarni rejalashtirish kengashi)[2][54][55][56] Merriam tananing eng nufuzli a'zosi edi.[56][57] Bu lavozimda u keng ko'lamli farovonlik davlati bo'yicha takliflar ishlab chiqishda yordam berdi.[4][58] Prezident Ruzvelt 1941-yil 6-yanvaridagi " To'rt erkinlik " nutqida rejalarni ma'qullagan va ularni amalga oshirishni taklif qilgan bo'lsa-da, takliflar siyosiy jihatdan foydali emas edi va hech qachon qabul qilinmadi.[4][59]

1934-yilda Merriam Ijtimoiy fanlar bo'yicha tadqiqot kengashi tomonidan federal davlat xizmati va davlat xizmati islohoti bo'yicha tadqiqot, tahlil qilish va takliflar kiritish uchun tashkil etilgan tadqiqot guruhi boʻlgan Davlat xizmati xodimlari bo'yicha tergov komissiyasida ishlagan (yangiliklarni hisobga olgan holda). Tennessi vodiysi ma'muriyati tomonidan).[2] Tana Spelman Rokfeller memorial fondi tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan[60] va Lyuter Gulik Komissiyaning tadqiqot direktori edi.[61] Guruh davlat xizmatini isloh qilish bo'yicha bir qator muhim takliflar bilan chiqdi, ammo hammasi ham qabul qilinmadi.[60][62] Bu merit tizimiga qiziqish uyg'otdi va uning davlat xizmatini isloh qilish bo'yicha ko'plab takliflari bir nechta shtatlar tomonidan qabul qilindi.[63]

Merriamning fikricha, Milliy rejalashtirish kengashi takliflarining muvaffaqiyati yoki muvaffaqiyatsizligi ijro etuvchi hokimiyatning tavsiya etilgan siyosatni qabul qilish va ularni ilgari surish uchun ma'muriy salohiyatiga bog'liq edi. [64] Shuning uchun Merriam prezident Ruzveltni ijro etuvchi hokimiyatning tuzilishi va funksiyalarini o'rganish bo'yicha komissiya tuzish uchun lobbichilik qilishni boshladi.[64] Ruzvelt bu g'oyani juda yaxshi qabul qildi. Oliy sud Milliy sanoatni tiklash to'g'risidagi qonunni (Yangi kelishuvning asosiy qonunchilik yutug'i) Schechter Poultry Corp. v. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari, 295 AQSh 495 (1935) va prezidentning Panama Refining Co. v.dagi mustaqil ijroiya agentliklari a'zolarini lavozimidan chetlashtirish vakolatini sezilarli darajada cheklab qo'ydi. Rayan, 293 AQSh 388 (1935).[65] Merriam prezidentni agar u ijroiya hokimiyati boshqaruvini qayta ko'rib chiqish uchun qo'mita tuzsa va qo'mita hisoboti prezidentning qayta tashkil etish maqsadlarini asoslab beradigan va ularni akademik tadqiqotlarning neytral tilida bayon qiladigan tarzda yozilishi mumkinligiga ishontirdi.[66] 1936-yil 22-martda Ruzvelt Ma'muriy boshqaruv qo'mitasini (odatda Braunlou qo'mitasi deb ataladi) tuzdi va unga ijroiya hokimiyatini qayta tashkil etish bo'yicha takliflar ishlab chiqishni topshirdi.[67] O'zidan tashqari, uch kishilik qo'mita Lui Braunlou va Lyuter Gulikdan iborat edi.[68][69] 1937-yil 10-yanvarda qo'mita o'z hisobotini e'lon qildi.[70] “Prezidentga yordam kerak”[69][71][72] deb eʼlon qilingan qoʻmita hisobotida kuchli ijrochi direktor, jumladan, uning 37 ta tavsiyasi orasida prezident apparatini sezilarli darajada kengaytirish, boshqaruv idoralarini yagona prezident devoniga birlashtirish, kengayish taklif qilingan. merit tizimini, barcha mustaqil agentliklarni Vazirlar Mahkamasining mavjud bo'limlariga integratsiyalashuvi va federal buxgalteriya hisobi va moliyaviy amaliyotini modernizatsiya qilish.[72][73]

Nafaqa va o'lim

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Charlz Merriam 1940-yilda 66 yoshida Chikago universitetidan nafaqaga chiqdi[74]

U Lyusi Spelman Rokfeller memorial jamgʻarmasining soʻnggi direktori boʻlgan [1], 1940-yildan 1949-yilda Rokfeller jamgʻarmasi bilan birlashguniga qadar[75][1] shu lavozimda ishlagan.

Charlz Merriam 1953-yil 8-yanvarda Merilend shtatining Rokvil shahridagi Hilltop kasalxonasida surunkali davom etgan kasallikdan soʻng vafot etdi.[1][2][4] Uning qizi va uch oʻgʻli boʻlgan.[1] U Arlington milliy qabristoniga dafn etilgan .

Illinoys universiteti taniqli akademikni davlat siyosati sohasidagi eng yaxshi tadqiqotlari uchun Charlz E. Merriam mukofoti bilan taqdirlash uchun tanlab olgan.[76]

Sara asarlari

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Merriam hayoti davomida samarali ijodkor edi. Uning eng mashhur asarlaridan ba'zilari:

  • Amerika siyosiy nazariyalari tarixi. Nyu-York: MakMillan, 1903-yil.
  • Amerika partiyaviy tizimi: Qo'shma Shtatlardagi siyosiy partiyalarni o'rganishga kirish. Nyu-York: MakMillan, 1922-yil.
  • Ovoz bermaslik: nazorat qilish sabablari va usullari. Chikago: Chikago universiteti matbuoti, 1924-yil.
  • Siyosatning yangi jihatlari. Chikago: Chikago universiteti matbuoti, 1925-yil.
  • Fuqarolarning shakllanishi: fuqarolik tarbiyasi usullarini qiyosiy o'rganish. Chikago: Chikago universiteti matbuoti, 1931-yil.
  • Qo'shma Shtatlardagi fuqarolik ta'limi. Nyu-York: Skribner, 1934-yil.

Eslatmalar

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  1. ↑ Pronounced /ˈmɛriəm/.

Manbalar

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Izohlar

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  1. ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,13 1,14 "Dr. C.E. Merriam, Noted Educator," New York Times, January 9, 1953.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 Manning, Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda, 2004, p. 182.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Bishop and Gilbert, Chicago's Accomplishments and Leaders, 1932, p. 341.
  4. ↑ 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 4,10 Kloppenberg and Fox, A Companion to American Thought, 1995, p. 449.
  5. ↑ Reagan, Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890–1943, 2000, p. 55.
  6. ↑ Reagan, Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890–1943, 2000, pp. 55–56.
  7. ↑ Merry, History of Delaware County, Iowa, and Its People, 1914, p. 519.
  8. ↑ Mark, Preserving the Living Past: John C. Merriam's Legacy in the State and National Parks, 2005, p. 193.
  9. ↑ Sawyers, Chicago Portraits: Biographies of 250 Famous Chicagoans, 1991, p. 172.
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Reagan, Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890–1943, 2000, p. 56.
  11. ↑ Reagan, Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890–1943, 2000, p. 57.
  12. ↑ Pope, et al., Merriam Genealogy in England and America, 1906. pp. 294–95.
  13. ↑ Reagan, Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890–1943, 2000, p. 60.
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 Seidelman and Harpham, Disenchanted Realists: Political Science and the American Crisis, 1884–1984, 1985, p. 109.
  15. ↑ Pearson, "Introduction to the Transaction Edition," in Merriam, A History of American Political Theories, 2008, p. xiii.
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Almond, Ventures in Political Science: Narratives and Reflections, 2002, p. 70.
  17. ↑ Pearson, "Introduction to the Transaction Edition," in Merriam, A History of American Political Theories, 2008, pp. xiii–xiv.
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 Smith, Social Science in the Crucible: The American Debate Over Objectivity and Purpose, 1918–1941, 1994, p. 84.
  19. ↑ Pearson, "Introduction to the Transaction Edition," in Merriam, A History of American Political Theories, 2008, p. xxi; Rossini, Woodrow Wilson and the American Myth in Italy: Culture, Diplomacy, and War Propaganda, 2008, p. 114; Seidelman and Harpham, Disenchanted Realists: Political Science and the American Crisis, 1884–1984, 1985, p. 110.
  20. ↑ Seidelman and Harpham, Disenchanted Realists: Political Science and the American Crisis, 1884–1984, 1985, pp. 109, 110.
  21. ↑ Quoted from Smith, Social Science in the Crucible: The American Debate Over Objectivity and Purpose, 1918–1941, 1994, pp. 84, 86–87.
  22. ↑ Seidelman and Harpham, Disenchanted Realists: Political Science and the American Crisis, 1884–1984, 1985, p. 110.
  23. ↑ Smith, Social Science in the Crucible: The American Debate Over Objectivity and Purpose, 1918–1941, 1994, pp. 84, 86.
  24. ↑ Crick, The American Science of Politics, 2003, pp. 137–38.
  25. ↑ Graves, W. Brooke (1936). „The Future of the American States“. American Political Science Review (inglizcha). 30-jild, № 1. 25-bet. doi:10.2307/1948006. ISSN 0003-0554.
  26. ↑ Reagan, Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890–1943, 2000, pp. 61–62.
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 27,3 27,4 Reagan, Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890–1943, 2000, p. 62.
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 Ruble, Second Metropolis: Pragmatic Pluralism in Gilded Age Chicago, Silver Age Moscow, and Meiji Osaka, 2001, p. 239.
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 Bukowski, Big Bill Thompson, Chicago, and the Politics of Image, 1998, p. 3.
  30. ↑ Reagan, Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890–1943, 2000, pp. 62–63.
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 31,2 31,3 31,4 Reagan, Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890–1943, 2000, p. 63.
  32. ↑ Pegram, Partisans and Progressives: Private Interest and Public Policy in Illinois, 1870–1922, 1992, p. 204.
  33. ↑ "The President's Commission on Economy and Efficiency," American Political Science Review, November 1911, pp. 626–28.
  34. ↑ Schnietz, "The 1916 Tariff Commission: Democrats' Use of Expert Information to Constrain Republican Tariff Protection," Business and Economic History, Fall 1994, pp. 176–80.
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 35,2 35,3 35,4 35,5 35,6 Reagan, Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890–1943, 2000, p. 65.
  36. ↑ Creel, How We Advertised America, 2008, p. 299; Axelrod, Selling the Great War: The Making of American Propaganda, 2009, p. 207.
  37. ↑ See, generally: Creel, How We Advertised America, 2008.
  38. ↑ Adams, Reflections on American Exceptionalism, 1994, p. 136.
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 Rossini, Woodrow Wilson and the American Myth in Italy: Culture, Diplomacy, and War Propaganda, 2008, p. 115.
  40. ↑ Rossini, Woodrow Wilson and the American Myth in Italy: Culture, Diplomacy, and War Propaganda, 2008, pp. 116, 124–25.
  41. ↑ Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations With Europe, 1919–1933, 1984, p. 94.
  42. ↑ Adcock, Modern Political Science: Anglo-American Exchanges Since 1880, 2007, p. 122; Niemei and Junn, Civic Education: What Makes Students Learn, 2005, p. 2; Galligan, Roberts, and Trifiletti, Australians and Globalisation: The Experience of Two Centuries, 2001, p. 32.
  43. ↑ 43,0 43,1 Oren, Our Enemies and U.S.: America's Rivalries and the Making of Political Science, 2003, pp. 58–67.
  44. ↑ Guttenberg, The Language of Planning: Essays on the Origins and Ends of American Planning Thought, 1993, p. 228; Geiger, To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities: 1900–1940, 2004, pp. 154–55.
  45. ↑ Domhoff, Who Really Rules?: New Haven and Community Power Examined, 1978, p. 164; Fosdick, The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation, 1989, p. 206.
  46. ↑ Smith, Social Science in the Crucible: The American Debate Over Objectivity and Purpose, 1918–1941, 1994, p. 46; Garson, Group Theories of Politics, 1978, p. 52.
  47. ↑ Reagan, Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890–1943, 2000, pp. 67–69; Porter, The Cambridge History of Science, 2003, pp. 317–18.
  48. ↑ Duck, The Nation's Region Southern Modernism, Segregation, and U.S. Nationalism, 2009, p. 55.
  49. ↑ 49,0 49,1 Reagan, Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890–1943, 2000, p. 75.
  50. ↑ 50,0 50,1 Featherman and Vinovskis, Social Science and Policy-Making: A Search for Relevance in the Twentieth Century, 2001, p. 30.
  51. ↑ 51,0 51,1 Smelser and Gerstein, Behavioral and Social Science: Fifty Years of Discovery, 1986, p. vi.
  52. ↑ Porter, The Cambridge History of Science, 2003, p. 317.
  53. ↑ Hollinger, Science, Jews, and Secular Culture: Studies in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Intellectual History, 1996, p. 61; Suny, The Cambridge History of Russia, 2006, p. 11.
  54. ↑ Reagan, Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890–1943, 2000, p. 80; Biddle, "Social Science and the Making of Social Policy: Wesley Mitchell's Vision," in The Economic Mind in America, 1998, p. 67; Gates, Early Urban Planning, 2004, p. 229.
  55. ↑ National Planning Board was established on July 20, 1933, under authority granted to the President by the National Industrial Recovery Act. Under Executive Order (EO) 6777, on July 30, 1934, it was superseded by the National Resources Board. Under EO 7065, this body was superseded on June 7, 1935, by the National Resources Committee. This committee, along with other boards and commissions, was folded into the new National Resources Planning Board under the Reorganization Plan No. 1 of July 1, 1939. See: "Records of the National Resources Planning Board (NRPB), 1931–1943," Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States, 1995; Klausen, War and Welfare: Europe and the United States, 1945 to the Present, 2001, p. 217.
  56. ↑ 56,0 56,1 Davis, Ignoring the Apocalypse: Why Planning to Prevent Environmental Catastrophe Goes Astray, 2007, p. 55.
  57. ↑ Milkis, The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism 2002, p. 203.
  58. ↑ Ciepley, Liberalism in the Shadow of Totalitarianism, 2006, pp. 122–24.
  59. ↑ Klausen, War and Welfare: Europe and the United States, 1945 to the Present, 2001, pp. 217–18.
  60. ↑ 60,0 60,1 Reagan, Designing a New America: The Origins of New Deal Planning, 1890–1943, 2000, pp. 210–12.
  61. ↑ Utter and Lockhart, American Political Scientists: A Dictionary, 2002, p. 141.
  62. ↑ Fesler, Elements of Public Administration, 2007, p. 41.
  63. ↑ Gargan, Handbook of State Government Administration, 1999, p. 194.
  64. ↑ 64,0 64,1 Ciepley, Liberalism in the Shadow of Totalitarianism, 2006, pp. 123–24.
  65. ↑ Moe, Administrative Renewal: Reorganization Commissions in the 20th Century, 2003, pp. 49–50.
  66. ↑ Moe, Administrative Renewal: Reorganization Commissions in the 20th Century, 2003, p. 51.
  67. ↑ "President Orders Own Survey to Cut New Deal Activity," New York Times, March 23, 1936; Calabresi and Yoo, The Unitary Executive: Presidential Power From Washington to Bush, 2008, pp. 291–301; see, generally, Karl, Executive Reorganization and Reform in the New Deal: The Genesis of Administrative Management, 1900–1939, 1963.
  68. ↑ Dickinson, Bitter Harvest: FDR, Presidential Power, and the Growth of the Presidential Branch, 1999, p. 93; Felbinger and Haynes, Outstanding Women in Public Administration: Leaders, Mentors, and Pioneers, 2004, p. 13.
  69. ↑ 69,0 69,1 Shafritz, "The Brownlow Committee," in The Dictionary of Public Policy and Administration, 2004, p. 28.
  70. ↑ Catledge, "Capitol Startled," New York Times, January 13, 1937; Dickinson, Bitter Harvest: FDR, Presidential Power, and the Growth of the Presidential Branch, 1999, p. 110.
  71. ↑ U.S. President's Committee on Administrative Management, Report of the President's Committee, 1937, p. 5; Rudolph and Rudolph, Making U.S. Foreign Policy Toward South Asia, 2008, p. 230; Maisel, The Parties Respond: Changes in American Parties and Campaigns, 2002, p. 277.
  72. ↑ 72,0 72,1 Rudalevige, The New Imperial Presidency: Renewing Presidential Power After Watergate, 2005, p. 43.
  73. ↑ Dickinson, Bitter Harvest: FDR, Presidential Power, and the Growth of the Presidential Branch, 1999, pp. 104–11; Sundquist, The Decline and Resurgence of Congress, 1981, pp. 49–50; Calabresi and Yoo, The Unitary Executive: Presidential Power From Washington to Bush, 2008, pp. 292–95.
  74. ↑ Almond, Ventures in Political Science: Narratives and Reflections, 2002, p. 63.
  75. ↑ "Foundation Lists $886,500 in Grants," New York Times, October 31, 1940; "$1,032,000 Grants By Spelman Fund," New York Times, April 17, 1947; "Spelman Fund Aid of $657,800 Listed," New York Times, December 28, 1949.
  76. ↑ „Thomas Johnson, Research Professor and Director“. Naval Postgraduate School. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 27-fevral.
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