Foydalanuvchi:Mashhura98/qumloq

__LEAD_SECTION__

Bosib chiqarish mashinasi - bu bosma vosita (masalan, qog'oz yoki mato ) ustida joylashgan siyoh yuzasiga bosim o'tkazish va shu bilan siyohni uzatish uchun mexanik qurilma. Bu mato, qog'oz yoki boshqa vosita cho'tkasi yoki siyohni o'tkazish uchun qayta-qayta ishqalanadigan va jarayonni tezlashtirgan oldingi chop etish usullarining keskin yaxshilanishini ko'rsatdi. Odatda matnlar uchun ishlatiladigan bosmaxonaning ixtirosi va dunyoga tarqalishi ikkinchi ming yillikdagi eng ta'sirli voqealardan biri edi. ^[1]

Taxminan 1440 yilda Germaniyada zargar Iogannes Gutenberg matbaa inqilobini boshlagan harakatlanuvchi bosma mashinasini ixtiro qildi. Mavjud vintli bosma mashinalarning dizayni asosida modellashtirilgan, bitta Uyg'onish davrining harakatlanuvchi tipidagi bosma mashinasi ish kunida 3600 varaqgacha [1] chop etishi mumkin edi, ^[2] qo'lda chop etish orqali qirqta sahifa va qo'lda nusxa ko'chirish orqali bir necha sahifa. ^[3] Gutenbergning yangi o'ylab topilgan qo'l qolipi ko'p miqdorda metall harakatlanuvchi turdagi aniq va tez yaratish imkonini berdi. Uning ikkita ixtirosi, qo'l qolipi va harakatlanuvchi bosma mashinasi birgalikda Evropada kitoblar va boshqa hujjatlarni chop etish narxini, ayniqsa qisqaroq chop etish uchun keskin pasaytirdi.

2015 yildagi topilma 1444–1446 yillarda chop etilgan, ehtimol Prokopiy Valdvogelga tegishli bo'lgan keng qamrovli tadqiqotlar tomonidan da'vo qilingan savollarga dalil keltirdi.

Maynsdan ko'chma matbaa bir necha o'n yillar davomida Yevropaning o'nlab mamlakatlaridagi ikki yuzdan ortiq shaharlarga tarqaldi. ^[4] 1500 yilga kelib, butun G'arbiy Evropada ishlaydigan bosmaxonalar allaqachon yigirma million jilddan ko'proq ishlab chiqargan. ^[4] 16-asrda, bosma mashinalar uzoqroqqa yoyilishi bilan ularning ishlab chiqarish hajmi o'n baravar ko'payib, taxminan 150-200 million nusxaga yetdi. ^[4] 17-asr oʻrtalariga kelib, Injil va boshqa diniy adabiyotlarga boʻlgan talab ortib borayotganiga javoban mustamlakachi Amerikaga birinchi bosma mashinalar keldi . ^[5] Matbuot faoliyati matbaa korxonasi bilan sinonimga aylandi va o'z nomini yangi ifoda va aloqa vositasi " matbuot " ga berdi. ^[6]

Uyg'onish davrida Evropaga mexanik harakatlanuvchi turdagi bosmaning kelishi jamiyat tuzilishini doimiy ravishda o'zgartirgan ommaviy kommunikatsiyalar davrini keltirib chiqardi. Axborot va (inqilobiy) g'oyalarning nisbatan cheklanmagan aylanishi chegaralarni kesib o'tdi, Reformatsiyada ommani o'ziga tortdi va siyosiy va diniy hokimiyatlarning kuchiga tahdid soldi. Savodxonlikning keskin o'sishi savodli elitaning ta'lim va ta'lim sohasidagi monopoliyasini buzdi va paydo bo'lgan o'rta sinfni mustahkamladi. Butun Evropada uning xalqlarining madaniy o'z-o'zini anglashi ortib borayotgani proto- millatchilikning kuchayishiga olib keldi va Evropa xalq tillarining rivojlanishini tezlashtirdi, bu esa lotin tilining lingua franca maqomiga putur etkazdi. ^[7] 19-asrda qoʻlda boshqariladigan Gutenberg uslubidagi pressning bugʻ bilan ishlaydigan aylanma presslarga almashtirilishi sanoat miqyosida chop etish imkonini berdi. ^[8]

↑ McLuhan 1962; Eisenstein 1980; Febvre & Martin 1997; Man 2002
↑ Wolf 1974, ss. 67f.:
From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600, assuming a fifteen-hour workday, was between 3.200 and 3.600 impressions per day.
↑ Ch'on Hye-bong 1993, p. 12:
This method almost doubled the printing speed and produced more than 40 copies a day. Printing technology reached its peak at this point.
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1976). The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800. London: New Left Books. Quoted in: Anderson, Benedict. Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo. Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico, 1993. ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2 ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2. pp. 58f.
↑ Bertold, 1970, pp. 20, 26, 39,
↑ Weber 2006, s. 387:
At the same time, then, as the printing press in the physical, technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was born.
↑ Anderson, Benedict: Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo, Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico 1993, ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2 ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2, pp. 63–76
↑ Gerhardt 1978, s. 217

[1] McLuhan 1962; Eisenstein 1980; Febvre & Martin 1997; Man 2002

[Wolf_1974,_67f.-2] Wolf 1974, ss. 67f.:
From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600, assuming a fifteen-hour workday, was between 3.200 and 3.600 impressions per day.

[Ch'on_Hye-bong_1993,_12-3] Ch'on Hye-bong 1993, p. 12:
This method almost doubled the printing speed and produced more than 40 copies a day. Printing technology reached its peak at this point.

[Febvre,_Lucien;_Martin,_Henri-Jean_1976_by_Anderson,_Benedict_1993,_58f.-4] 4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1976). The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800. London: New Left Books. Quoted in: Anderson, Benedict. Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo. Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico, 1993. ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2 ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2. pp. 58f.

[5] Bertold, 1970, pp. 20, 26, 39,

[6] Weber 2006, s. 387:
At the same time, then, as the printing press in the physical, technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was born.

[7] Anderson, Benedict: Comunidades Imaginadas. Reflexiones sobre el origen y la difusión del nacionalismo, Fondo de cultura económica, Mexico 1993, ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2 ISBN 978-968-16-3867-2, pp. 63–76

[8] Gerhardt 1978, s. 217

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]