Bir makon bir yoʻl tashabbusi
Ushbu sahifani Bir makon, bir yo'l bilan birlashtirish taklif etiladi. (munozara) |
Bu maqola avtomat tarjima qilingan yoki mashina tarjimasi tayinli oʻzgartirishsiz chop etilgani eʼtirof etilmoqda. Tarjimani tekshirib chiqish hamda maqoladagi mazmuniy va uslubiy xatolarini tuzatish kerak. Siz maqolani tuzatishga koʻmaklashishingiz mumkin. (Shuningdek, tarjima boʻyicha tavsiyalar bilan tanishib chiqishingiz mumkin.) DIQQAT! BU OGOHLANTIRISHNI OʻZBOSHIMCHALIK BILAN OLIB TASHLAMANG! Maqolaning originali koʻrsatilinmagan. (2024-09) |
Tarixi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Bir makon bir yoʻl tashabbusim (BRI yoki B&R), ilgari Bir belbogʻ, bir yoʻl (xitoycha: 一带一路) yoki qisqacha OBOR — 2013-yilda Xitoy hukumati tomonidan 150 ga yaqin davlat va xalqaro tashkilotlarga sarmoya kiritish uchun qabul qilingan global infratuzilmani rivojlantirish strategiyasidir. Bu Xitoy yetakchisi Si Tszinpin tashqi siyosatining markaziy qismi hisoblanadi. BRI Si „Yirik mamlakat diplomatiyasi“ ning markaziy tarkibiy qismini tashkil qiladi (xitoycha: 大国外交 Xitoyning kuchayib borayotgan qudrati va mavqeiga muvofiq global ishlarda yetakchilik roʻlini zimmasiga olishga chaqiradigan strategiya. [1] Bu Amerika marshal rejasi bilan solishtiriladi. 202-yil avgust holatiga koʻra , 149 mamlakat Bir makon bir yoʻl tashabbusiga aʼzo boʻlganlar roʻyxatiga kiritilgan. [2]
Si dastlab 2013-yil sentabr oyida Qozog‘istonga rasmiy tashrifi chog‘ida strategiyani „Ipak yo‘lining iqtisodiy kamari“ deb eʼlon qildi [3][4] „Kamar“ " Ipak yoʻli iqtisodiy kamari "ning qisqartmasi boʻlib, Gʻarbiy mintaqalarning mashhur tarixiy savdo yoʻllari boʻylab dengizga chiqmaydigan Markaziy Osiyo orqali avtomobil va temir yoʻl tashish uchun tavsiya etilgan quruqlik yoʻnalishlarini nazarda tutadi; „yoʻl“ esa " XXI asr dengiz ipak yoʻli "ning qisqartmasi boʻlib, Janubiy-Sharqiy Osiyo orqali Janubiy Osiyo, Yaqin Sharq va Afrikaga olib boradigan Hind-Tinch okeani dengiz yoʻllarini nazarda tutadi. [5] Belt and Road Initiative infratuzilma investitsiyalariga misollar qatoriga portlar, osmonoʻpar binolar, temir yoʻllar, yoʻllar, koʻpriklar, aeroportlar, toʻgʻonlar, koʻmir bilan ishlaydigan elektr stantsiyalari va temir yoʻl tunnellarining koʻpaytirilishi kiradi.
Tashabbus 2018 yilda Xitoy Konstitutsiyasiga kiritilgan. Oʻshanda Si Tszinpin ma'muriyati tashabbusni „mintaqaviy aloqalarni kuchaytirish va porloq kelajakka intilish“ deb atadi. [6] Loyiha 2049-yilda yakunlanishini maqsad qilgan bu Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi (XXR) tashkil topganining 100 yilligi munosabatiga bogʻliq.
Jahon banki tomonidan oʻtkazilgan koʻplab tadqiqotlar shuni koʻrsatdiki, Bir makon bir yoʻl tashabbusining 149 ishtirokchi davlatdagi savdo oqimlarini 4,1 foizga oshirishi, shuningdek, global savdo xarajatlarini 1,1 foizdan 2,2 foizga qisqartirishi va Sharqiy Osiyo va Tinch okeani mintaqasidagi rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarning yalpi ichki mahsulotini oshirishi mumkin. Bu koʻrsatkich oʻrtacha 2,6 dan 3,9 foizgachani tashkil qilishi kutilgan. [7][8] Londonda joylashgan CEBR maslahatchilarining fikriga koʻra, Bir makon bir yoʻl tashabbusi 2040 yilga kelib jahon yalpi ichki mahsulotini yiliga 7,1 trillion dollarga oshirishi mumkin va „foydalar keng tarqaladi“. CEBR shuningdek, agar global infratuzilma tashabbusi rivojlanib, jadal rivojlansa, loyiha boshqa mamlakatlarni qoʻshilishga jalb qilishi mumkin degan xulosaga kelgan. [9][10][11]
Qoʻllab-quvvatlovchilar Bir makon bir yoʻl tashabbusini jahon yalpi ichki mahsulotini, xususan, rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda oshirish salohiyati uchun maqtashadi. Shu bilan birga, inson huquqlarining buzilishi va atrof-muhitga taʼsiri, shuningdek, neokolonializm va iqtisodiy imperializmga olib keladigan qarz tuzog'i diplomatiyasi xavotirlari ham tanqid qilingan.
Loyihalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Xitoy Bir makon bir yoʻl tashabbusga 149 [12] davlat va 30 xalqaro tashkilotni jalb qilgan. Infratuzilma loyihalariga portlar, temir yoʻllar, avtomobil yoʻllari, elektr stantsiyalari, aviatsiya va telekommunikatsiyalar kiritilgan. Eng muhim loyihalar qatoriga Xitoy-Pokiston iqtisodiy koridori, Laosdagi Boten-Ventyan temir yoʻli va Xorgʻas quruqlik porti hisoblanadi. [13][14][15]
Qurilish | Sarmoya | Qurilish | Sarmoya |
</img> Pokiston | 31.9 | </img> Singapur | 24.3 |
</img> Nigeriya | 23.2 | </img> Malayziya | 14.1 |
</img> Bangladesh | 17.5 | </img> Rossiya Federatsiyasi | 10.4 |
</img> Indoneziya | 16.8 | </img> Indoneziya | 9.4 |
</img> Malayziya | 15.8 | </img> Janubiy Koreya | 8.1 |
</img> Misr | 15.3 | </img> Isroil | 7.9 |
</img> BAA | 14.7 | </img> Pokiston | 7.6 |
Qoʻllab-quvvatlash
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Bugungi kunga qadar bu strategiyaga 130 dan ortiq davlat maʼqullagan. Moskva Xitoyning dastlabki hamkori boʻlgan va Rossiya va Xitoy hozirda tabiiy gaz quvurlari va Qutb ipak yoʻli kabi 150 ta umumiy loyihalarga ega. 2015-yil mart oyida Rossiya Bosh vazirining birinchi oʻrinbosari Igor Shuvalov „Rossiya Ipak yoʻli iqtisodiy kamarini oʻzining anʼanaviy, mintaqaviy taʼsir doirasiga tahdid sifatida koʻrmasligi kerak […], balki Yevroosiyo iqtisodiy ittifoqi uchun imkoniyat sifatida“ taʼkidladi.
2016 yil iyun oyida Polsha prezidenti Anjey Duda Xitoy rahbari Si Tszinpin bilan uchrashib, [16][17] "Polsha kompaniyalari Bir makon bir yoʻl tashabbusdan katta foyda olishini aytdi. [18] Duda va Si strategik sheriklik toʻgʻrisidagi deklaratsiyani imzoladilar shu bilan unda ular Polsha va Xitoy bir-birlarini uzoq muddatli strategik sheriklar sifatida koʻrishlarini yana bir bor taʼkidladilar. [19]
Yana qarang
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation
- Asia-Africa Growth Corridor
- Asian Highway Network
- Blue Banana
- Forum on China-Africa Cooperation
- China-Arab States Cooperation Forum
- Blue Dot Network – counter-initiative by the United States
- Build Back Better World – counter-initiative by the G7
- Eurasian Land Bridge
- Eurasia Continental Bridge corridor
- Golden Banana
- International North–South Transport Corridor
- List of the largest trading partners of China
- Maritime Silk Road
- Trans-Asian Railway
- List of ports and harbours of the Atlantic Ocean
- Ports of the Baltic Sea
- Channel Ports – ports and harbours of the English Channel
- List of North Sea ports – ports of the North Sea and its influent rivers
- List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea
- List of ports and harbors of the Arctic Ocean
- List of ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean
- List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean
- Southern Ocean – See Category:Ports and harbors of Antarctica
Manbalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑ Smith, Stephen (16 February 2021). "China's "Major Country Diplomacy"". Foreign Policy Analysis 17 (2): orab002. doi:10.1093/fpa/orab002. https://academic.oup.com/fpa/article-abstract/17/2/orab002/6139347?redirectedFrom=fulltext. Qaraldi: 21 September 2021.Bir makon bir yoʻl tashabbusi]]
- ↑ Nedopil, Christoph. „"Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative"“. Green Finance & Development Center, FISF Fudan University, Shanghai (2022). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 26-aprel.
- ↑ „President Xi proposes Silk Road economic belt“. China Daily. Xinhua News Agency (2013-yil 7-sentyabr). 2020-yil 9-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
- ↑ „President Xi Jinping Delivers Important Speech and Proposes to Build a Silk Road Economic Belt with Central Asian Countries“. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China (2013-yil 7-sentyabr). 2020-yil 17-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
- ↑ Manba xatosi: Invalid
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- ↑ „China's Belt and Road Initiative and the global chemical industry - KPMG Global“ (en-US). KPMG (2021-yil 7-dekabr). 2022-yil 26-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 1-avgust.
- ↑ „Belt and Road Initiative“ (en). World Bank. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 1-avgust.
- ↑ „Belt and Road Initiative to boost world GDP by over $7 trillion per annum by 2040“. CEBR (2019-yil 27-may). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 1-avgust.
- ↑ „New report on the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative predicts boost to global GDP "by over $7 trillion per annum"“ (en). CIOB. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 1-avgust.
- ↑ „China's giant Belt and Road infrastructure push 'could pump $7 trillion into global GDP' by 2040“ (en-GB). CityAM (2019-yil 27-may). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 1-avgust.
- ↑ „Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – Green Finance & Development Center“.
- ↑ „Understanding China's BRI in Laos“. www.businesstimes.com.sg. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 3-iyun.
- ↑ „Can China Turn the Middle of Nowhere Into the Center of the World Economy?“ (en-US). The New York Times (2019-yil 29-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 3-iyun.
- ↑ „The BRI in Pakistan: China's flagship economic corridor | Merics“ (en). merics.org. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 3-iyun.
- ↑ „President Duda hopes Poland will become China's gateway to Europe“. President.pl (2016-yil 20-iyun).
- ↑ „President Duda sends sympathy message to President Xi Jinping“. Polish Press Agency (2020-yil 3-fevral).
- ↑ „Polish president says Xi Jinping understands central European dynamic“. Chinadaily.com.cn (2016-yil 19-iyun).
- ↑ „Xi welcomes Chinese freight train to 'strategic partner' Poland“. Reuters (2016-yil 20-iyun).
Adabiyotlar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Blanchard, Jean-Marc F. (2021). "Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Blues: Powering BRI Research Back on Track to Avoid Choppy Seas". Journal of Chinese Political Science 26: 235–255. doi:10.1007/s11366-020-09717-0.
- Cai, Peter. Understanding Chinaʼs belt and road initiative (Lowy Institute 2017) online (Wayback Machine saytida 2021-08-18 sanasida arxivlangan).
- Calabrese, L. (2019): Making the Belt and Road Initiative work for Africa. London: Overseas Development Institute.
- Calabrese, L. (2019): China and global development: what to read ahead of the Belt and Road Forum. London: Overseas Development Institute.
- Chansok, L. (2019): The Belt and Road Initiative and Cambodiaʼs Infrastructure Connectivity Development: A Cambodian Perspective. Cheung FM and Hong Y-Y (eds) Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation. London: Routledge, pp. 134-163.
- Chen, Yaowen, et al. „Does the Connectivity of the Belt and Road Initiative Contribute to the Economic Growth of the Belt and Road Countries?.“ Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 55.14 (2019): 3227-3240.
- Contessi, Nicola P. (2016). "Central Asia in Asia: Charting Growing Transregional Linkages". Journal of Eurasian Studies 7: 3–13. doi:10.1016/j.euras.2015.11.001.
- Chaudhuri (周士理), Debasish (2018). "Book Review: Revitalising the Silk Road—China's Belt and Road Initiative by Richard T. Griffiths". China Report 54 (2): 248–251. doi:10.1177/0009445518761158. online review.
- He, Baogang. „Chinese expanded perceptions of the region and its changing attitudes toward the Indo-Pacific: A hybrid vision of the institutionalization of the Indo-Pacific.“ East Asia 35.2 (2018): 117-132.
- Ito, Asei. „Chinaʼs Belt and Road Initiative and Japanʼs Response: from Non-participation to Conditional Engagement.“ East Asia 36.2 (2019): 115-128.
- Jones, Lee; Zeng, Jinghan (2019). "Understanding China's 'Belt and Road Initiative': Beyond 'grand strategy' to a state transformation analysis". Third World Quarterly 40 (8): 1415–1439. doi:10.1080/01436597.2018.1559046. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331237441.
- Kohli, Harinder S., Johannes F. Linn, and Leo M. Zucker, eds. Chinaʼs Belt and Road Initiative: Potential Transformation of Central Asia and the South Caucasus (Sage, 2019).
- Lai, Karen P. Y., Shaun Lin and James D. Sidaway. "Financing the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Research agendas beyond the „debt-trap“ discourse." Eurasian Geography and Economics61.2 (2020): 109-124. online.[sayt ishlamaydi]
- Liu, Hong; Lim, Guanie (2019). "The Political Economy of a Rising China in Southeast Asia: Malaysia's Response to the Belt and Road Initiative". Journal of Contemporary China 28 (116): 216–231. doi:10.1080/10670564.2018.1511393.
- Lin, Shaun and Carl Grundy-Warr. „Navigating Sino-Thai ‘rocky’ bilateral ties: The geopolitics of riverine trade in the Greater Mekong Subregion.“ Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38.5 (2020): 826-833.
- Lin, Shaun, Naoko Shimazu and James D. Sidaway. „Theorising from the Belt and Road Initiative (一带一路).“ Asia Pacific Viewpoint https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/apv.12322
- Lin, Shaun, James D. Sidaway and Woon Chih Yuan. „Reordering China, respacing the world: Belt and Road Initiative (一带一路) as an emergent geopolitical culture.“ The Professional Geographer 71.3 (2019): 507-522. online. (Wayback Machine saytida 2023-06-14 sanasida arxivlangan)
- Mark, Siusue; Overland, Indra; Vakulchuk, Roman (2020). "Sharing the Spoils: Winners and Losers in the Belt and Road Initiative in Myanmar". Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 39 (3): 381–404. doi:10.1177/1868103420962116.
- Park, Albert. Which Countries Have Benefited the Most from Chinaʼs Belt and Road Initiative?. (No. 2019-32. HKUST Institute for Emerging Market Studies, 2019) online.
- Scissors, Derek. „The Belt and Road is Overhyped, Commercially.“ AEI Paper & Studies (American Enterprise Institute, 2019) online
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- Sidaway, James D.; Rowedder, Simon C.; Woon, Chih Yuan; Lin, Weiqiang; Pholsena, Vatthana (2020). "Introduction: Research agendas raised by the Belt and Road Initiative". Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38 (5): 795–802. doi:10.1177/2399654420911410.
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- Belt and Road Initiative: Chinaʼs Most Important Project, 14 July 2022
- Smith, Stephen N. (2021). "China's "Major Country Diplomacy": Legitimation and Foreign Policy Change". Foreign Policy Analysis 17 (2). doi:10.1093/fpa/orab002.
- Tjia, Yin-nor Linda (2020). "The Unintended Consequences of Politicization of the Belt and Road's China-Europe Freight Train Initiative". The China Journal 83: 58–78. doi:10.1086/706743.
- Vakulchuk, Roman; Overland, Indra „China's Belt and Road Initiative through the lens of Central Asia“, . Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative, 2018 — 115–133-bet. DOI:10.4324/9780429467172-5. ISBN 9780429467172.
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- Winter, Tim (2020). "Geocultural Power: China's Belt and Road Initiative". Geopolitics 26 (5): 1376–1399. doi:10.1080/14650045.2020.1718656.
- World Pensions Council (WPC) policy paper: Chinese Revolution Could Lure Overseas Investment, Dow Jones Financial News, 12 October 2015.
- The New York Times — „Behind Chinaʼs $1 Trillion Plan“, 13 May 2017.