Argʻandob daryosi

Arghandab daryosi Sanzari wala,Arghandab wala,; Arghandab sind,ارغنداب رود
Arghandaw rood
Tavsif
Uzunligi	400
Joylashuvi
Davlat	Afgʻoniston
Mintaqa	Qandahor, Lashkargoh
Argʻandob daryosi

Argʻandab – Afgʻonistondagi daryo. Uzunligi 400 km (250 mi)ga yaqin. Gʻazna viloyatidan gʻarbda boshlanib, Qandahor shahri yaqinidan oʻtgach, janubi-gʻarbga qarab oqadi va Grishkka 30 km qolganda Hilmand daryosiga qoʻshiladi. Daryo suvining shoʻr ekanligi aytilsa-da, quyi oqimida Hilmand va Argʻandab vodiysi maʼmuriyati nazorati ostida vodiy dehqonlari va aholisi tomonidan sugʻorish ishlari uchun foydalaniladi. Daryoni tarixan qadimgi Araxot va Qandahordan 50 km janubi-gʻarbda joylashgan Tarnak bilan bogʻlash shubhali boʻlgan. Qandahor janubidan oqadigan Tarnak ancha qisqa (uzunligi taxminan 320 km yoki 200 milya) va suvi ham kamroq.

Tarixi

Daryo qadimgi eroniylarga Avesto tilida Haraxvaiti, qadimgi fors tilida esa Xaraxuvati nomi bilan maʼlum boʻlib, ular yagona Rigvedik Sarasvati nomi bilan birlashadi. Boyce va Parpola kabi olimlar yunon Araxoziyasini bu nomning tarixi, yaʼni Haraxvaiti yerini anglatishini taʼkidlashgan.^[1]^[2] Rigveda VI.61.2 madhiyasida u quyidagi soʻzlar bilan tasvirlangan:

Bu (Sarasvati) o'zining kuchli to'lqinlari orqali tog'lar tizmasini (daryo qirg'oqlarini) nilufar ildizlarini qazayotgan odam kabi ezadi. Hamdu sanolar va ibodatlar bilan biz chet elliklarni o'ldiradigan Sarasvatidan yordam so'raymiz.^[3]

Tarixchi Asko Parpola shunday maʼlumot bergan: „Argʻandab […] deyarli toʻrt kilometr balandlikdan taxminan 700 metrgacha pastga tushib, oxir-oqibat sayoz koʻllarni hosil qiluvchi Hilmand daryosiga qoʻshiladi“. Sarasvati - „koʻllarga toʻla“ degan maʼnoni anglatadi.^[1]

Biroq, baʼzi tarixchilarning taʼkidlashicha, Avesta Haraxvaiti va Rigvedik Sarasvati Helmand daryosiga tegishli. Argʻandabning Rigvedik nomi Drishadvati ekanligiga ishoniladi.^{[lower-alpha 1]}

Araxosiya shahrini ifodalashi kerak boʻlgan Ulan Robatdagi xarobalar uning havzasida joylashgan; Araxot koʻlining taxminiy vakili boʻlgan Ab-i Istada nomi bilan mashhur boʻlgan koʻl Tarnak boshiga yaqin joylashgan. Tarnak vaqti-vaqti bilan sugʻorish uchun toʻsiladi va issiq mavsumda deyarli quriydi.

Yuqori oqim

Helmand – Argʻandab havzasi relyefi xaritasi

Argʻandab daryosining yuqori oqimi nisbatan oʻrganilmagan. Afgʻoniston tarixiy va siyosiy gazetasida mayor G. Linchning 1841-yilgi^{[lower-alpha 2]} tadqiqotlaridan iqtibos keltirilgan. Unga koʻra, Argʻandabning kelib chiqishi Sang-e-Mashadan 20-30 mil shimolda joylashgan. Bu hudud Navar havzasining janubi-gʻarbidagi togʻlarga toʻgʻri keladi. Linch, shuningdek, daryoning yuqori oqimini „katta granit qoyalar ustidan oqib oʻtadigan va oʻtish mumkin boʻlgan joydagi taxminan 3 fut chuqurlikda joylashgan tog 'toʻlqini“ deya taʼriflagan.^[8]

Quyi oqimi

Daryo boʻyida dehqonchilik rivojlangan, ammo qishloqlar kam. Kobul-Qandahor avtomobil yoʻli shu hududdan oʻtadi (Tarnakni Araxot deb taxmin qilishning yana bir sababi) va odamlar yoʻl boʻyidagi qiyinchiliklardan qochish uchun yoʻldan tashqarida yashaydilar.

Dahla toʻgʻoni

2008-yilda Dahla toʻgʻoni va u bilan bogʻliq sugʻorish tizimini qayta tiklash loyihasi boshlandi.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Eslatmalar

↑
* Ram Sharan Sharma: "In the Ṛg Veda, the Sarasvati is called the best of the rivers (naditama). It seems to have been a great river with perennial water... The earliest Sarasvati is considered identical with the Helmand in Afghanistan which is called Harakhwati in the Avesta. But the archaeology of the Helmand valley in the second millennium BC needs adequate attention."^[4]
- Rajesh Kocchar: „The Avestan Harahvaiti, phonetically the same as Sarasvati, was known to the Greeks as Etymander and is now called Arghandab. The naditama Sarasvati, however, is to be equated not with the Arghandab but with the Helmand, of which the Arghandab is the main tributary. … There is an uncanny similarity between the Rgvedic description of Sarasvati and Avestan description of the Helmand.“^[5]
↑ Possibly the British political agent Kalat-i-Ghilzai.^[6]^[7]

Manbalar

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism 2015.
↑ Boyce, Mary. A history of Zoroastrianism. Vol. III, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman rule. Leiden: Brill, 1991 — 125-bet. ISBN 9004092714.
↑ Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism 2015, Chapter 6.
↑ Sharma, Ram Sharan (1999), Advent of the Aryans in India, Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 35–36-bet, ISBN 978-81-7304-263-8
↑ Kochhar, Rajesh (1999), „On the identity and chronology of the Ṛgvedic river Sarasvatī“, in Roger Blench; Matthew Spriggs (muh.), Archaeology and Language III; Artefacts, languages and texts, Routledge, 262–263-bet, ISBN 0-415-10054-2
↑ Buist, George (1843), Outline of the Operations of the British Troops in Scinde and Afghanistan: Betwixt Nov. 1838 and Nov. 1841; with Remarks on the Policy of the War, Times Office, 272–-bet
↑ J. W. Fortescue, History of the British Army, Volume XII: 1839–1852, Macmillan and Co, 1927
↑ Adamec, Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan, Vol. 5 1980.
↑ „Provincial profile for Kandahar Province“. Regional Rural Economic Regeneration Strategies. 2008-yil 28-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2008-yil 7-oktyabr.
↑ Stephen Chase. „Dahla dam project is potential target: military“. The Globe and Mail (2008-yil 17-iyul). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 7-oktyabr.
↑ Doug Schmidt. „Cdn. military to safeguard Afghan dam project“. Canwest News Service (2008-yil 11-iyun). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 7-oktyabr.
↑ „Signature Project: Dahla Dam and Irrigation System“. Government of Canada. 2013-yil 1-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2008-yil 7-oktyabr.
↑ „Dahla Dam -- Summer 2008 (video podcast)“. Government of Canada. 2011-yil 6-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2008-yil 7-oktyabr.
↑ „Dahla Dam -- Summer 2008“. Government of Canada. Qaraldi: 2008-yil 7-oktyabr.^{[sayt ishlamaydi]}

Adabiyotlar

Adamec, Ludwig W., muh. (1980), Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan, Vol. 5 (PDF), Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, ISBN 978-3-201-01125-9, 2022-01-04da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi, qaraldi: 2022-08-10
Parpola, Asko (2015), The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization, Oxford University Press Incorporated, ISBN 978-0190226923

Andoza:Gazna viloyati

[6] * Ram Sharan Sharma: "In the Ṛg Veda, the Sarasvati is called the best of the rivers (naditama). It seems to have been a great river with perennial water... The earliest Sarasvati is considered identical with the Helmand in Afghanistan which is called Harakhwati in the Avesta. But the archaeology of the Helmand valley in the second millennium BC needs adequate attention."^[4]
Rajesh Kocchar: „The Avestan Harahvaiti, phonetically the same as Sarasvati, was known to the Greeks as Etymander and is now called Arghandab. The naditama Sarasvati, however, is to be equated not with the Arghandab but with the Helmand, of which the Arghandab is the main tributary. … There is an uncanny similarity between the Rgvedic description of Sarasvati and Avestan description of the Helmand.“^[5]

[2] Rajesh Kocchar: „The Avestan Harahvaiti, phonetically the same as Sarasvati, was known to the Greeks as Etymander and is now called Arghandab. The naditama Sarasvati, however, is to be equated not with the Arghandab but with the Helmand, of which the Arghandab is the main tributary. … There is an uncanny similarity between the Rgvedic description of Sarasvati and Avestan description of the Helmand.“^[5]

[9] Possibly the British political agent Kalat-i-Ghilzai.^[6]^[7]

[FOOTNOTEParpola,_The_Roots_of_Hinduism2015-1] 1,0 ^1,1 Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism 2015.

[2] Boyce, Mary. A history of Zoroastrianism. Vol. III, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman rule. Leiden: Brill, 1991 — 125-bet. ISBN 9004092714.

[FOOTNOTEParpola,_The_Roots_of_Hinduism2015Chapter_6-3] Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism 2015, Chapter 6.

[4] Sharma, Ram Sharan (1999), Advent of the Aryans in India, Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 35–36-bet, ISBN 978-81-7304-263-8

[5] Kochhar, Rajesh (1999), „On the identity and chronology of the Ṛgvedic river Sarasvatī“, in Roger Blench; Matthew Spriggs (muh.), Archaeology and Language III; Artefacts, languages and texts, Routledge, 262–263-bet, ISBN 0-415-10054-2

[7] Buist, George (1843), Outline of the Operations of the British Troops in Scinde and Afghanistan: Betwixt Nov. 1838 and Nov. 1841; with Remarks on the Policy of the War, Times Office, 272–-bet

[8] J. W. Fortescue, History of the British Army, Volume XII: 1839–1852, Macmillan and Co, 1927

[FOOTNOTEAdamec,_Historical_and_Political_Gazetteer_of_Afghanistan,_Vol._51980-10] Adamec, Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan, Vol. 5 1980.

[Aisa-11] „Provincial profile for Kandahar Province“. Regional Rural Economic Regeneration Strategies. 2008-yil 28-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2008-yil 7-oktyabr.

[12] Stephen Chase. „Dahla dam project is potential target: military“. The Globe and Mail (2008-yil 17-iyul). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 7-oktyabr.

[Canwest2008-06-11-13] Doug Schmidt. „Cdn. military to safeguard Afghan dam project“. Canwest News Service (2008-yil 11-iyun). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 7-oktyabr.

[14] „Signature Project: Dahla Dam and Irrigation System“. Government of Canada. 2013-yil 1-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2008-yil 7-oktyabr.

[15] „Dahla Dam -- Summer 2008 (video podcast)“. Government of Canada. 2011-yil 6-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2008-yil 7-oktyabr.

[16] „Dahla Dam -- Summer 2008“. Government of Canada. Qaraldi: 2008-yil 7-oktyabr.^{[sayt ishlamaydi]}

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k m t Qandahor viloyati
Ma'muriy markaz: Qandahor
Tumanlar	Arghandab Arghistan Daman Ghorak Qandahor Khakrez Maruf Mayanishin Maiwand Nesh Panjwayi Reg Shah Wali Kot Shorabak Spin Boldak Zhari
Aholi manzilgohlari	Alkozai, en Arghandab, en Arghistan, en Atel Mohammed, en Baladay, en Balandi, en Bazar-i-Panjwayi, en Daman, en Ghorak, en Golzar, en Ilbak, en Kar-Mulla, en Karz, en Khakrez, en Khosrow Sofla, en Lower Babur, en Maiwand, en Mulla Wali Waleh, en Maruf, en Nagahan, en Najeeban, en Nesh, en Reg Alaqadari, en Regay, en Singesar, en Spin Boldak, en Tarok Kolache, en Tizak, en Walakan, en Wali, en Yakh Karez, en Zangabad, en
Landshaft	Arghandab daryosi Arghistan daryosi, en Dori daryosi, en
Boshqalar	Gubernatorlar, en Dahla Dam, en Qandahor xalqaro kriket stadioni, en Kandahar stadioni, en Kirka Sharif, en