Syan armiyasi

Syan armiyasi (Sobiq Hunan qoʻshini)
Syan armiyasi (Sobiq Hunan qoʻshini)
Faol	1850 – 1864[manba kerak]
Davlat	Sin Xitoyi
Kimga qaram	Sin sulolasi
Tip	Muntazam armiya
Hajm	17,000 ; 360,000 (1860)
Janglar	Taypin qoʻzgʻoloni ; Nian qoʻzgʻoloni ; Dungan qoʻzgʻoloni
Qoʻmondonlar
Bosh qoʻmondon	Zeng Guofan
Faxriy boshliq	Zuo Zongtang
Feldmarshal	Bao Chao

Syan armiyasi yoki Hunan armiyasi (xit. an’anaviy 湘軍, pinyin: Xiāng Jūn) doimiy armiya edi. Zeng Guofan boshchoiligida Xitoydagi Taypin qoʻzgʻolonini (1850-1864) bostirish uchun Tuanlian deb nomlangan mintaqaviy kuchlar tomonidan tashkil etilgan. Bu nom armiya yigʻilgan Xunan viloyati nomidan olingan. Armiya Manjurlar boshchiligidagi Sin sulolasidan farqli oʻlaroq markazlashgan edi. Moddiy tomondan mahalliy zodagonlar orqali moliyalashtirildi. Armiya Zeng tomonidan Nankindagi Taypinlar poytaxti qayta qoʻlga kiritilgandan soʻng tarqatib yuborildi.

Garchi u Hunandagi muammolarni hal qilish uchun maxsus tuzilgan boʻlsa-da, Armiya yangi Sin harbiy muassasasining asosini tashkil etdi. Keyinchalik armiya ichidagi manjur taʼsirini abadiy zaiflashtirdi. Markaziy qoʻmondonlikning bunday oʻzgarishi XX asrning birinchi yarmida Sin sulolasining qulashi va Xitoyda mintaqaviy jangovar guruhlarning paydo boʻlishida asosiy sabab sifatida taʼkidlanadi.

Syan armiyasi Hunan armiyasi deb nomlanuvchi ikki qoʻshinning biri edi. Chu armiyasi deb nomlangan yana bir Hunan armiyasi Dungan qoʻzgʻolonini (1862–1877) bostirish uchun sobiq Syan qoʻmondoni Zuo Zongtang tomonidan yaratilgan. Urushda qatnashgan Syan armiyasining qoldiqlari oʻsha paytda "Eski Xunan armiyasi" deb nomlangan.

Tarixi

Taypin qoʻzgʻoloni

Taypin qoʻzgʻoloni 1850-yil dekabr oyida Guangxi provinsiyasida boshlangan va mahalliy Sin kuchlari ustidan bir qator kichik gʻalabalardan keyin kuchayib ketgan. Qoʻzgʻolon shimoliy mintaqalarga tez tarqaldi. 1853-yil mart oyida bosh qoʻmondon Yang Xiuqing boshchiligidagi 700000 dan 800000 gacha Taypin askarlari Nankinni egallab, 30000 manjur tinch aholi va bayroqchilarni oʻldirdi. Shahar harakatning poytaxtiga aylandi va Tyanszin ("Samoviy poytaxt") deb qayta nomlandi. Bu vaqtda Taypin Samoviy Shohligi janubiy va markaziy Xitoyning koʻp qismini oʻz ichiga olgan boʻlib, markazi Yanszi daryosi vodiysida joylashgan edi. Ular shimolga qarab yurishlarini davom ettirdilar va Yanszining yuqori qismini egallash uchun ikkita qoʻshin yubordilar. Yana ikkita qoʻshin bilan esa imperator poytaxti Pekinni egallashga harakat qilishdi. gʻarbiy yoʻlda biroz muvaffaqiyatga erishildi, ammo Pekin hujumi muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi.

Yaratilish

Zeng Guofanga isyonchilarning Xunan ustidan nazoratni oʻz qoʻliga olishga urinishlarini cheklash vazifasi yuklatildi. 1852-yilda u Qing sudi tomonidan Markaziy Xitoy militsiya tashkilotining komissari etib tayinlandi. Zeng Guofan ilgari mavjud boʻlgan tuanlian militsiyasini jami 17000 kishidan iborat qurolli kuchga aylantirdi, shu jumladan 6500 kishidan iborat oʻn uchta batalyon va 5000 kishidan iborat oʻnta batalyondan iborat dengiz floti. U Syan armiyasi nomini oldi, Zeng Guofan bosh qoʻmondon boʻlib, faqat Zengning buyruqlarini qabul qildi. Yangi qoida "Askarlar 兵隨將轉，兵為將有 askarlar generalga tegishli" deb nomlandi.), Shimoliy Song sulolasi davridagi eski harbiy 兵無常帥，帥無常兵 farqli oʻlaroq, "Askarlarning qat'iy qoʻmondoni yoʻq edi, qoʻmondonning qat'iy askari yoʻq edi".). Ushbu yangi harbiy qoida Warlord davrining bevosita sababi edi. Bu Tuanlian Yong Ying Szyan armiyasiga aylantirildi.

Zeng Hunan armiyani moliyalashtirishda pul mablagʻlarini tijorat tovarlari toʻlovlarini yigʻish stansiyalarining viloyat tarmogʻidan oʻtkazishga gubernatorni ishontirdi. Oxir-oqibat, armiya mahalliy yer egalari va savdogarlardan pul yigʻish orqali moliyalashtirildi.^[1]

Harbiy harakatlar

Uning leytenantlari poytaxt Changshani qayta egalladilar, keyin Zeng Xankov yaqinidagi Vuchang va Xanyangni qaytarib olishga rahbarlik qildi. Muvaffaqiyati uchun Urush kengashi vitse-prezidenti etib tayinlandi. Uning armiyasi shunchalik muvaffaqiyat qozondiki, Sin rahbarlari tezda qqʼshinni oʻz qoʻshinlari oʻrniga ishlata boshladilar va uni mahalliy kuch emas, balki imperator kuchiga aylantirdilar. 1860-yilda Zeng Anxuyni tozalash uchun chaqirildi. Shundan soʻng Liangjiang (Jiangxi, Anhui va Jiangsu provinsiyalaridan iborat) vitse-qiroli etib tayinlandi. Charlz Jorj Gordon va uning "Har doim gʻalaba qozongan armiyasi" isyonchilarning poytaxtini qamalga olganda, Zeng fursatdan foydalanib, Nankinni qaytarib olish uchun yurish boshladi.

1863-yil iyun oyida boshlangan bir qator janglarda shahar atrofidagi barcha hududlar isyonchilardan tozalandi. Nankin uchun jang 1864-yil 14-martda Zeng qoʻshinlari narvonlar yordamida shahar devorlarini kuch bilan egallashga urinib koʻrganlarida boshlandi. Ammo u magʻlub boʻldi. Ikkinchi urinishda yer osti tunnellaridan foydalanildi. Qazish ishlari ham koʻngildagidek ketmadi. 3-iyul kuni Syan qoʻshinlari Dibao qalʼasini egallab, dastlabki gʻalabaga erishdilar. Bu qalʼa ularga yangi tunnellar qazish va shahar devorlarini vayron qilish uchun portlovchi moddalar oʻrnatish imkonini berdi. Qarshi hujum muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. 19-iyul kuni portlovchi moddalar ishga tushdi va devorning katta qismi qulab tushdi. Shahar uch kunlik shiddatli jangdan keyin egallab olindi.

Syan armiyasi shaharni talon-toroj qildi. Zeng Guofanning soʻzlariga koʻra, 100000 Taiping askari va tinch aholi oʻldirilib, shahar yoqib yuborildi. Shahar 1864-yil 26-iyulgacha yondi. Zeng Markes (birinchi toifali) Yiyong (毅勇侯) unvoniga koʻtarildi.) (Yiyong: 毅 = Chidamlilik 勇 = Jasorat)^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5].

Nankin qoʻlga kiritilgandan soʻng darhol Zeng qoʻmondonligi ostidagi 120000 askarni tarqatib yubordi. Bunda Zuo oʻz kuchlarini saqlab qoldi.^[1]

Noiblar

Taypin davlati qulaganidan keyin, 1864-yildan 1890-yilgacha Xitoydagi noiblarning yarmidan koʻpi Syan armiyasi rahbarlaridan tayinlandi.

Jami askarlar soni

1860-yilda Syan armiyasi kuchi deyarli 360000 askardan iborat edi. 130000 askardan iborat asosiy guruhga Zeng Guofan boshchilik qildi. Sin muntazam armiyasi, Yashil standart armiya kabilarning umumiy soni taxminan 2,300,000 kishini tashkil etdi (Syan armiyasi bilan birga). Taiping qoʻzgʻoloni askarlari taxminan 1 800 000 kishini tashkil etdi (shu jumladan 300 000 mahalliy toʻda aʼzolari bir necha marta taraf oʻzgartirgan).

18640-yildan keyin armiyaning katta qismi Zeng buyrugʻi bilan tarqatib yuborildi. Biroq, Zuo Zongtang qoʻl ostidagi boʻlinmalar saqlanib qoldi. 1870-yillarga kelib ularning soni 120000 ga yaqin edi.

Syan armiyasi tarkibida kichik dengiz armiyasi ham bor edi.

Bosh qarorgoh

Bosh qarorgohi 1853-yildan 1861-yilgacha Anhui provinsiyasining Qimen okrugida joylashgan edi. 1861-yil sentyabr oyida Anqing egallangach, shahar Nankinga yaqin boʻlgani uchun shtab-kvartira u yerga koʻchirildi.

Maosh

Zeng Guofanning Syan armiyasi uchun muhim masalalardan biri moliya edi. Chunki yaxshi maosh jang maydonidagi ruhiy holat uchun juda muhim ekanligini tushunardi. Syan armiyasi askarining maoshi har oyda toʻrt tael kumush edi, oddiy Yashil standart armiyasi askari oyiga taxminan 1,5 tael kumush maoshi bilan solishtirganda bu juda katta miqdor edi.

Asosiy rahbarlar

Zeng Guofan
Zuo Zongtang
Zeng 曾國荃)
Xu Linyi (胡林翼 Linyi)
Luo Zenan (羅澤南)
Peng Yulin (彭玉麟 Yulin)

Taypin qoʻzgʻoloni bostirilgandan soʻng, Xunan qoʻshinlari Manjurlarga qarshi qoʻzgʻolon haqidagi mish-mishlardan qoʻrqib, Manjur hukumatidan oʻzlarini tarqatib yuborishni soʻradilar. Manjur hukumati faqat Pen Yulin armiyasini dengiz flotiga aylantirishga rozi boʻldi.

Rahbar oʻrinbosarlari

Li Xubin
Li Xuyi
Bao Chao
Liu Rong
Liu Kunyi
Liu Changyou
Jiang Yili
Li Hongzhang

Qurolsizlanish va inqilob

Zeng Guofan Syan armiyasining eng muhim qoʻmondonlaridan biri boʻlgan Li Hongzhang tomonidan Huai armiyasini tashkil etilishi bilan Syan armiyasini qurolsizlantirishni boshladi. 1890-yilda Syan armiyasining bir qismi hukumatga qarshi harakatga qoʻshildi. 1911-yilda Sinxay inqilobi boshlanganda, Sian armiyasining sobiq safdoshlari bir-birlariga qarshi chiqdilar. Xitoy Respublikasi 1912-yil 12-fevralda tashkil etilgan.

Yana qarang

Tuanlian

Manbalar

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 Rowe, William T.. China's Last Empire: The Great Qing. Rowe, William T. Chinaʼs Last Empire: The Great Qing.
↑ Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, illustrated John King Fairbank: , Cambridge University Press, 1980 — 541-bet. ISBN 0-521-22029-7. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 18-yanvar. „In 1853 Tseng Kuo-fan introduced special training for the non-commissioned officers of his new Hunan Army, emphasizing endurance and discipline. This was later imitated by the Anhwei Army. The technical training of the officer corps along western lines was begun in 1852 at Shanghai and Ningpo, where a few company commanders and their men were trained in the use of Western equipment and tactics by French and English military advisers.“
↑ Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, illustrated John King Fairbank: , Cambridge University Press, 1980 — 540-bet. ISBN 0-521-22029-7. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 18-yanvar. „the cases of Hunan particulartly illustrates this widespread militarization of the scholar class...Such was also the case of Liu Ming-ch'uan who rose form smuggling salt to leading an army in Anhwei, and finally to the governorship of the province of Taiwan (see chapter 4)... Until 1856 most of the officers of the Hunan Army were scholars, The proportion dropped sharply for commissions given after this date... Holders of official titles and degrees accounted for only 12 per cent of the military command of the Huai Army, and at most a third of the core of the Huai clique, that is the trop commanders of the eleven army corps.“
↑ Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, illustrated John King Fairbank: , Cambridge University Press, 1980 — 202-bet. ISBN 0-521-22029-7. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 18-yanvar. „By the end of the Nien War in 1868, a new kind of military force had emerged as the Ch'ing dynasty's chief bulwark of security. Often referred to by historians as regional armies, these forces were generally described at the time as yung-ying (lit. 'brave battalions'). In the 1860s, such forces throughout all the empire totalled more than 300,000 men, They included the remnants of the old Hunan Army (Hsiang-chün) founded by Tseng Kuo-fan, the resuscitated Hunan Army (usually called Ch'u-chün) under Tso Tsung-t'ang, and the Anhwei Army (Huai-chün) coordinated by Li Hung-chang. There were also smaller forces of a similar nature in Honan (Yü-chün), Shantung, (Tung-chün), Yunnan (Tien-chün) and Szechwan (Ch'uan-chün). These forces were distinguished generally by their greater use of Western weapons and they were more costly to maintain. More fundamentally they capitalized for military purposes on the particularistic loyalties of the traditional society. Both the strength and the weakness of the yung-ying were to be found in the close personal bonds that were formed between the higher and lower officers and between officers and men. In this respect they differed from the traditional Ch'ing imperial armies - both the banner forces and the Green Standard Army.“
↑ Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, illustrated John King Fairbank: , Cambridge University Press, 1980 — 232-bet. ISBN 0-521-22029-7. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 18-yanvar. „Tso's immediate appointment of Liu as commander of the 'Old Hunan Army' (Lao Hsiang-chün)added to the youthful commander's prestige... By September 1870, Liu Chin-t'ang had reduced all but a score of the 500-odd forts around Chin-chi-pao. Krupp siege guns shipped to Kansu form Shanghai were now sent to Liu along with an officer who had served Tseng Kuo-fan as a gunner. The shells failed to breach Chin-chi-pao's heavy walls (said to be thirty-five feet thick), but in October Liu Chin-t'ang built a high gun position from which he bombarded the city over its walls...Chin-chi-pao's dwindling number of inhabitants were now surviving on grass roots and flesh rom dead bodies. In January, Ma Hua-lung finally surrendered to Liu Chin-t'ang,“

[Rowe-1] 1,0 ^1,1 Rowe, William T.. China's Last Empire: The Great Qing. Rowe, William T. Chinaʼs Last Empire: The Great Qing.

[2] Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, illustrated John King Fairbank: , Cambridge University Press, 1980 — 541-bet. ISBN 0-521-22029-7. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 18-yanvar. „In 1853 Tseng Kuo-fan introduced special training for the non-commissioned officers of his new Hunan Army, emphasizing endurance and discipline. This was later imitated by the Anhwei Army. The technical training of the officer corps along western lines was begun in 1852 at Shanghai and Ningpo, where a few company commanders and their men were trained in the use of Western equipment and tactics by French and English military advisers.“

[3] Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, illustrated John King Fairbank: , Cambridge University Press, 1980 — 540-bet. ISBN 0-521-22029-7. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 18-yanvar. „the cases of Hunan particulartly illustrates this widespread militarization of the scholar class...Such was also the case of Liu Ming-ch'uan who rose form smuggling salt to leading an army in Anhwei, and finally to the governorship of the province of Taiwan (see chapter 4)... Until 1856 most of the officers of the Hunan Army were scholars, The proportion dropped sharply for commissions given after this date... Holders of official titles and degrees accounted for only 12 per cent of the military command of the Huai Army, and at most a third of the core of the Huai clique, that is the trop commanders of the eleven army corps.“

[4] Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, illustrated John King Fairbank: , Cambridge University Press, 1980 — 202-bet. ISBN 0-521-22029-7. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 18-yanvar. „By the end of the Nien War in 1868, a new kind of military force had emerged as the Ch'ing dynasty's chief bulwark of security. Often referred to by historians as regional armies, these forces were generally described at the time as yung-ying (lit. 'brave battalions'). In the 1860s, such forces throughout all the empire totalled more than 300,000 men, They included the remnants of the old Hunan Army (Hsiang-chün) founded by Tseng Kuo-fan, the resuscitated Hunan Army (usually called Ch'u-chün) under Tso Tsung-t'ang, and the Anhwei Army (Huai-chün) coordinated by Li Hung-chang. There were also smaller forces of a similar nature in Honan (Yü-chün), Shantung, (Tung-chün), Yunnan (Tien-chün) and Szechwan (Ch'uan-chün). These forces were distinguished generally by their greater use of Western weapons and they were more costly to maintain. More fundamentally they capitalized for military purposes on the particularistic loyalties of the traditional society. Both the strength and the weakness of the yung-ying were to be found in the close personal bonds that were formed between the higher and lower officers and between officers and men. In this respect they differed from the traditional Ch'ing imperial armies - both the banner forces and the Green Standard Army.“

[5] Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, illustrated John King Fairbank: , Cambridge University Press, 1980 — 232-bet. ISBN 0-521-22029-7. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 18-yanvar. „Tso's immediate appointment of Liu as commander of the 'Old Hunan Army' (Lao Hsiang-chün)added to the youthful commander's prestige... By September 1870, Liu Chin-t'ang had reduced all but a score of the 500-odd forts around Chin-chi-pao. Krupp siege guns shipped to Kansu form Shanghai were now sent to Liu along with an officer who had served Tseng Kuo-fan as a gunner. The shells failed to breach Chin-chi-pao's heavy walls (said to be thirty-five feet thick), but in October Liu Chin-t'ang built a high gun position from which he bombarded the city over its walls...Chin-chi-pao's dwindling number of inhabitants were now surviving on grass roots and flesh rom dead bodies. In January, Ma Hua-lung finally surrendered to Liu Chin-t'ang,“

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