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Sharqiy Osiyo tillari

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Sharqiy Osiyo tillari 2001-yilda Stanley Starosta tomonidan taklif qilingan til oilasi (muqobil ravishda makrofamily yoki superphylum) guruhini tashkil qiluvchi tillar jamoasi. Bu taklif George van Driem tomonidan qabul qilingan.

Dastlabki takliflar

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Sharqiy Osiyo tillari oilasining turli xil tasniflari ishlab chiqilgan. Quyida bu oilaga kiruvchi tillarning dastlabki tasniflanishi keltirilgan:

  • Avstroosiyo, Austronesian , Kra-Dai, Tibet-Burman : August Conrady (1916, 1922)[1][2] va Kurt Wulff (1934, 1942)[3][4] lar tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif.
  • Avstroosiyo, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Hmong-Mien : Paul K. Benedict (1942)[5], Robert Blust (1996)[6], Ilia Peiros (1998)[7] lar tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif.
  • Avstriya-Osiyo, Avstroneziya, Kra-Dai, Tibet-Burman, Xmong-Mien : Stanley Starosta (2001) tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif.

Sharqiy Osiyo taklifining prekursorlari:

  • Avstriya-Tai (Kra-Dai va Avstroneziya): Gustave Shlegel (1901, 1902),[8][9] Weera Ostapirat (2005)[10]
  • Avstriya (Avstroosiyo va Avstroneziya): Wilhelm Schmidt (1906)[11] va Lawrence Reid (1994, 2005) tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif[12][13].

Starosta (2005)

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Peiligang madaniyatining joylashuvi

Stanley Starostaning (2005)[14] Sharqiy Osiyo til oilalari taklifi Sharqiy Osiyo superphylumini shakllantirish uchun Avstroosiyo va Hmong-Miendan iborat „Yangzian“ filialini oʻz ichiga oladi. Biroq, Starosta oʻzi taklif qilgan Yangzianni avstroneziya tili emas, balki Xitoy-Tibet tillari bilan toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri qardosh deb hisoblaydi, bu Xitoy-Tibet-Yangzianning qardoshi sifatida Xitoy-Tibet tillari bilan uzoqroq bogʻliq. Uning xulosasiga koʻra, proto-Sharqiy Osiyo eramizdan avvalgi 6500—6000-yillarda Shimoliy Xitoy tekisligidagi (xususan Han daryosi, Wei daryosi va markaziy Sariq daryosi hududlari) Peiligang madaniyati va Cishan madaniyati dehqon jamoalari tomonidan soʻzlashilgan til hisoblanadi[15].

  • Sharqiy Osiyo
    • avstroneziya
      • (turli xil Formosan filiallari)
      • Ekstra-Formosan
        • Tai-Kaday
        • Malayo-Polineziya
    • Xitoy-Tibet-Yangzian

Starosta (2005) quyidagi Proto-Sharqiy Osiyo morfologik affikslarini taklif qiladi, ular Proto-Tibet-Burman va Proto- Austroneziya tillarida, shuningdek, Nikobarik kabi baʼzi morfologik konservativ avstroasiatik tarmoqlarda uchraydi[16].

  • *m (V) — „V-ing agenti“
  • *-Vn „V-ing bemori“
  • *sV- „V-ing asbobi“
  • * n (V) — „mukammal“

van Driem (2012)

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Sharqiy Osiyo til oilasining quyidagi daraxti (makrofamily) George van Driem tomonidan 2012-yilda Benaras Hindu universitetida oʻtkazilgan 18-Himoloy tillari simpoziumida taklif qilingan.

  • Sharqiy Osiyo
    • Avstriya-Tai
      • Kradai
      • avstroneziya
    • avstroasiatik
    • Himoloy-Yangtzean
      • Trans-Himoloy
        • Xitoy-Bodic
        • Burmo-Qianjic
        • Brahmaputran
        • Gongduk va boshqalar.
        • Kiranti va boshqalar.
      • Yantzean
        • Hmong-Mien
Janubiy Xitoy va Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodan kengayib boradigan bazal O-M175 ning zamonaviy tarqalishi.

Van Driemning soʻzlariga koʻra, Sharqiy Osiyo tillari uchun lingvistik dalillar Y-DNK Haplogroup O dan olingan genetik dalillarga mos keladi. (Qoʻshimcha maʼlumot: Ota tili gipotezasi)

Larish (2006, 2017)

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Michael D. Larishning fikricha, Janubi-Sharqiy va Sharqiy Osiyo tillari bir proto-tildan (u „proto-osiyo“ deb ataydi) kelib chiqqan. Yapon tili koreys tili bilan birga proto-osiyo oilasining bir tarmogʻi sifatida guruhlangan. Boshqa tarmoq avstroneziya, avstroasiatik, kra-dai, Hmong-mien va xitoy-tibet tillaridan iborat[17][18].

Lugʻatni taqqoslash

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Quyida Sharqiy Osiyodagi barcha 5 til oilasining proto-tillari uchun asosiy lugʻat elementlarini taqqoslash keltirilgan.; Manbalar

  • Proto-Tibet- Burman: Matisoff (2015)
  • Proto-Hmong-Mien : Ratliff (2010)[19]
  • Proto-Avstroosiyo : Sidvell va Rau (2015)[20]
  • Proto- Astroneziya: Blust & Trussel (2020)[21]
  • Proto-Tai : Pittayaporn (2009)[22]
  • Proto-Hlai : Norquest (2007)
  • Proto-Kra : Ostapirat (2000)
Xitoy-Tibetan Hmong-Mien Avstroosiyo Austroneziya Kra-Dai
Soʻzlar Proto-Tibet-Burman Proto-Hmong-Mien Proto-Avstroosiyo Proto-Austroneziya Proto-Tai Proto-Hlai Proto-Kra
soch *(t)sam *pljei *suk, *sɔːk *bukeS *prɤmA *hnom *m-səmA
koʻz *s-myak *mu̯ɛjH *mat *maCa *p.taːA *tʃʰaː *m-ʈaA
quloq *r/g-na *mbræu *-toːr *Caliŋa *krwɯːA *ljəy *k-raA
burun *s-na ~ *s-naːr *mbruiH *mɔːh, *muːh, *muːs *ujuŋ *ɗaŋA *kʰət *hŋətD
tish *s/p-wa *hmjinʔ *lmVɲ, *sraŋ, *p (i)əŋ *lipen, *n/ŋipen *wanA *fjən *l-pənA
tomoq *m/s-lay ~ *s-ley *mblet *lntaːk *Sema, *lidam *liːnC *hliːnʔ *l-maA
qoʻl *lak ~ *C-yak *-bɔuʔ *tiːʔ *kamay *mwɯːA *C-mɯː *mjaA
suyuk *s/m/g-rus *tshuŋʔ *cʔaːŋ *CuqelaN *C̥.dukD *Cuɾɯːk *dəkD
qon *s-hywəy-t *ntshjamʔ *saːm, *ɟhaːm, *(b/m)haːm *daRaq *lɯətD *alaːc *platD
fuqaro *m-sin *-hri̯ən *kləːm, *ris *qaCay *tapD *ɗəy *təpD
goʻsht *sya-n P-Mienic *ʔaB *sac *Sesi *n.mɤːC *rəmʔ *ʔaɯC
it *d-kʷəy-n P-Hmongic *hmaŋC *cɔːʔ *asu *ʰmaːA *hmaː *x-maA
qush *s-ŋak *m-nɔk *ciːm, *ceːm *manuk 'chickenʼ *C̬.nokD *səc *ɳokD
baliq *s-ŋya *mbrəuʔ *kaʔ *Sikan *plaːA *hlaː *p-laA
bit *s-r (y)ik *ntshjeiʔ *ciːʔ *kuCux *trawA *tʃʰwəw *C-ʈuA
barg *lay P-Hmongic *mblɔŋA,

P-Mienic *nɔmA
*slaʔ *waSaw *ɓaɰA *ɓɯː *ɖiŋA
quyosh *s-nəy P-Mienic *hnu̯ɔiA *tŋiːʔ *waRi, *qajaw *ŋwanA *hŋwən *(l-/h)wənA
oy *s/g-la *hlaH *khaj *bulaN, *qiNaS *ɓlɯənA *C-ɲaːn *(C-)tjanA
suv *m-t (w)əy-n ~ *m-ti-s *ʔu̯əm *ɗaːk; Pal. *ʔoːm *daNum *C̬.namC *C-nəmʔ *ʔuŋC
yomgʻir *r/s/g-wa P-Hmongic *m-noŋC *gmaʔ *quzaN *C̥.wɯnA *fun *jəlA
olov *mey *douʔ *ʔuːs, *ʔɔːs *Sapuy *wɤjA *fiː *puiA
ism *r-mi (ŋ/n) *mpɔuH *-məh *ŋajan *ɟɤːB *pʰaːŋ *n (ʒ)iA
yemoq *m-dz (y)a-k/n/t/s P-Mienic *ɲənC *caːʔ *kaen *kɯɲA *kʰən *kanA
oʻlim *səy *dəjH *kceːt *ma-aCay *p.taːjA *hlaːwɦ *pɣonA
men *ŋa-y ~ *ka P-Hmongic *kɛŋB *ʔaɲ -ku *kuːA *ɦuː *kuA
siz *na-ŋ *mu̯ei *miːʔ -mu *mɯŋA *C-mɯː *məA/B
  • Ota tili gipotezasi
  • Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tillari uchun tasnif sxemalari
    • Xitoy-Avstroneziya tillari
    • avstriya tillari
    • Avstriya-Tay tillari
  • Materik Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo lingvistik hududi
  • Gaplogrup O (Y-DNK)
  • Sharqiy Osiyo tillari
  • Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tillari
  • Xitoy tillari
  1. Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern, 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.
  2. Conrady, August. 1922. Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.
  3. Wulff, Kurt. 1934. Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.
  4. Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
  5. Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. American Anthropologist 44:576-601.
  6. Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
  7. Peiros, Ilia. 1998. Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
  8. Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: ‘Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900’. Tʼoung Pao (Série II), II:76-87.
  9. Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. Tʼoung Pao, New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.
  10. Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. Austro-Tai revisited. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.
  11. Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge V:59-109.
  12. Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33.2:323-344.
  13. Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.
  14. Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.
  15. Starosta, Stanley „Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific“, . The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics Sagart: . London: Routledge Curzon, 2005 — 182–197-bet. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3. 
  16. Reid, Lawrence A. (1994). „Morphological evidence for Austric“ (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 33-jild, № 2. 323–344-bet. doi:10.2307/3623132. JSTOR i285831. 15-avgust 2017-yilda asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 10-avgust 2020-yil.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
  17. Larish, Michael D. (2006-yil yanvar). "Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages". Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Archived from the original on 8-yanvar 2019-yil. https://web.archive.org/web/20190108045904/https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf. Qaraldi: 7-yanvar 2019-yil. 
  18. Larish, Michael. 2017. Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
  19. Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong-Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-615-7.
  20. Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). „Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview.“ In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
  21. Blust. „Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition“ (2020-yil 21-iyun). 6-avgust 2020-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 10-noyabr 2020-yil.
  22. Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.