Raffles mehmonxonasi

Raffles Hotel - Singapurdagi hashamatli mehmonxona. U 1887 - yilda Armanistonlik Sarkies Brothers tomonidan tashkil etilgan. Mehmonxona zamonaviy Singapur asoschisi, Britaniya davlat arbobi ser Tomas Stamford Raffles nomi bilan atalgan.^[1]

Bu Raffles Hotels & Resorts kompaniyasining asosiy mulki bo'lib, FRHI Hotels & Resortsni sotib olganidan keyin AccorHotels tomonidan boshqariladi. Mehmonxona Qatarda joylashgan, hukumatga qarashli Katara Hospitality kompaniyasiga tegishli.^[2] Mehmonxona 2017-yil 13-dekabrda^[3] uch bosqichli restavratsiya dasturining 3-bosqichini boshladi va taʼmirlash tugagandan soʻng 2019-yil avgustida qayta ochildi.^[4]

Tarixi

Raffles Hotel Singapore 1830-yillarning boshlarida qurilgan xususiy plyaj uyi sifatida faoliyati boshlangan. Doktor Charlz Emerson 1878 - yilda binoni ijaraga olganida u birinchi marta Emerson mehmonxonasiga aylandi. 1883 - yilda uning vafotidan keyin mehmonxona yopildi va Raffles instituti 1887 - yil sentabrda doktor Emersonning ijara muddati tugaguniga qadar binodan pansionat sifatida foydalanishga kirishdi^[5]

Birinchi ijara muddati tugaganidan so'ng , Sarkies Brothers mulkni yuqori darajadagi mehmonxonaga aylantirish niyatida uning egasi Syed Mohamed Alsagoffdan ijaraga oldi. Bir necha oy o'tgach, 1887 - yil 1 - dekabrda o'n xonali Raffles mehmonxonasi ochildi. Uning sohilga yaqinligi, xizmatlar va turar joyning yuqori standartlari bilan boy mijozlar orasida mashhur bo'ldi.^[6]

Mehmonxonaning birinchi o'n yilligida plyaj uyiga uchta yangi bino qo'shildi. Birinchidan, 1890 - yilda har birida 22 ta xonasi bo'lgan ikki qavatli qanotlar qurildi. Ko'p o'tmay, aka-uka Sarkies Beach Road 3 - qo'shni binoni ijaraga olib, uni ta'mirlashdi va 1894 - yilda Palm Court qanoti qurib bitkazildi. Yangi qoʻshimchalar mehmonxonaning jami xonalarini 75 taga yetkazdi^[6]^[7]

Bir necha yil o'tgach, plyaj uyi o'rnida yangi asosiy bino qurildi. Loyiha Swan va Maclaren arxitektori Regent Alfred Jon Bidwell tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, u 1899 - yilda qurib bitkazilgan. Yangi asosiy bino ko'plab zamonaviy (o'sha vaqt uchun) xususiyatlarni taklif qildi, jumladan, quvvatli ship ventilyatorlari va elektr chiroqlari shular jumlasidandir. Darhaqiqat, Raffles mehmonxonasi mintaqada elektr chiroqlari o'rnatilgan birinchi mehmonxona edi.^[6]^[8]

Mehmonxona yillar davomida qanotlar, veranda, bal zali, bar va bilyard zali, shuningdek, boshqa binolar va xonalar bilan kengayib bordi.

1902- yilda yaqin atrofdagi sirkdan qochib ketgan yo'lbars dastlab balandlikda qurilgan Bar va Billiard xonasi ostidagi omborxonada otib tashlandi.^[9]^[10]

Buyuk Depressiya Raffles mehmonxonasi uchun muammo tug'dirdi va 1931 - yilda Sarkies Brothers bankrot deb e'lon qildi. 1933 - yilda moliyaviy muammolar hal qilindi va Sarkies Raffles Hotel Ltd deb nomlangan jamoat kompaniyasi tashkil etildi.^[6]^[11]

1942-yil 15-fevralda Yaponiyaning Singapurni bosib olishi boshlanganda, yapon askarlari Raffles mehmonxonasida oxirgi valsni ijro etayotgan mehmonlarga duch kelishgan.^[12]

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Raffles mehmonxonasi Syonan Ryokan (yaponcha: 昭南旅館 'shōnan ryokan'^?) deb o'zgartirildi, nom ishg'ol qilingan Singapurning yaponcha nomi Syonan ("Janubiy yorug'lik") va an'anaviy yapon mehmonxonasining nomi ryokandan olingan.^[6] Mehmonxona 1945 - yilda Britaniya harbiy-dengiz kuchlari tomonidan Tiderace operatsiyasi vaqtida qayta tiklangan.

1987 - yilda, birinchi marta ochilganidan bir asr o'tib, avstriyalik yozuvchi va tadqiqotchi Andreas Avgustin Singapur arxivida yashiringan Raffles mehmonxonasining uzoq vaqt davomida yo'qolgan asl rasmlarini topdi. O'sha yili bu chizmalar birinchi marta "Raffles Treasury " kitobida nashr etilgan. Raffles mehmonxonasi 1987 - yilda Singapur hukumati tomonidan Milliy yodgorlik deb e'lon qilingan^[13]

1989 - yilda mehmonxona ikki yil davom etgan va 160 million dollarga tushgan keng qamrovli ta'mirdan o'tish uchun yopildi. Mehmonxona 1991 - yil 16 - sentabrda qayta ochildi. Mehmonxona 1915 - yil gullagan davrining ajoyib uslubida qayta tiklangan bo'lsa-da, sezilarli o'zgarishlar amalga oshirildi. Barcha xonalari lyuks xonalargalarga aylantirildi. Bundan tashqari, Somerset Maugham kabi mashhurlarning sevimli joyi bo'lgan Long Bar qabulxonadan yangi qo'shni savdo arkadasiga ko'chirildi.^[14] Long Bar xo'jayinlarning yeryong'oq qobig'ini polga tashlashdagi g'ayrioddiy amaliyoti bilan ajralib turadi.^[15] Long Bar, shuningdek, Singapurning milliy kokteyli Singapore Slingni barmen Ngiam Tong Boon tomonidan ixtiro qilingan joy.^[16]

2005 - yil 18 - iyulda Colony Capital MChJ Raffles Holdings Raffles mehmonxonasini o'z ichiga olgan butun Raffles mehmonxonalar tarmog'ini 1,45 milliard dollarga sotib olishini e'lon qilindi.^[17]

2010 - yil aprel oyida Qatar suveren jamg'armasi Raffles mehmonxonasini 275 million dollarga sotib olgani xabar qilingan edi. Raffles mehmonxonasini egallashdan tashqari, Qatar investitsiya boshqarmasi hashamatli mehmonxonalar tarmogʻidagi 40% ulush evaziga Fairmont Raffles Hotels Internationalga 467 million dollar kiritadi.^[18]

Bir vaqtlar Raffles mehmonxonasida mehmonxona muzeyi mavjud bo'lgan. Unda fotosuratlar, kumush va chinni buyumlar, otkritkalar va menyular, shuningdek, u yerda bo'lgan taniqli yozuvchilar asarlarining eski va nodir nashrlari kabi yodgorliklar namoyish etilgan. Muzeydan taniqli mehmonlarning fotosuratlari ham o'rin olgan.^[19] Raffles mehmonxonasi muzeyi 2012 - yilda yopilgan.^[20] 2015-yil dekabr oyida Fairmont/Raffles brendlari Fransiyaning AccorHotels koʻp millatli mehmonxonalar guruhi tomonidan sotib olindi.^[21]

2017-yil yanvar oyidan boshlab mehmonxonada katta taʼmirlash ishlari olib borildi^[22] va taʼmirlash ishlarini tashkil etish maqsadida mehmonxona 2017-yil dekabridayoq yopilgan.^[23] Xonalar ta’mirlanib, ovoz oʻtkazmaydigan qilib qoʻyildi, lyukslar soni 103 tadan 115 taga koʻpaydi. Yangi texnologiyalar kiritilib, yangi marmar pol oʻrnatildi. u yerda joylashgan turli xil oziq-ovqat va ichimliklar do'konlari ta'mirlandi va ilgari qabulxonaning bir burchagida joylashgan Yozuvchi bariga o'ziga xos joy berildi.^[24] Uning sobiq yubiley teatri bal zaliga aylantirildi.^[25] Mehmonxona 2019-yil 1-avgustda qayta ochildi^[26]

Arkada

Raffles mehmonxonasida 40 ta ixtisoslashgan butiklardan iborat savdo majmuasi mavjud.^[13] Arkadada esa mehmonxonaning aksariyat restoranlari joylashgan.

Jahon madaniyatda tutgan o'rni

Raffles - bu Ryu Murakami romani va uning " Raffles mehmonxonasi" nomli filmi uchun sahna vazifasini o'tagan. Film shu yerda suratga olingan.
Mehmonxona "Shon-sharaf" medalida Yaponiyaning tayanch nuqtasi sifatida ko'rsatilgan.
Mehmonxona Nik va Reychel Singapurga Crazy Rich Asians'da kelganlarida tashrif buyurishgan.
Raffles Hotel Pol O'Grady ning Carlton Televizion uchun Orient mavzusi bo'ldi.
Raffles Hotel BBC / ABC hamkorlikdagi Tenko serialining epizodlari aks ettirilgan 3-seriyaning aksariyat voqealari mehmonxonada bo'lib o'tadi.
2018-yilgi taʼmirlash “ Raffles: qayta tugʻilgan ikona”^[27] hujjatli teleserialining mavzusi edi.
Malkolm Pricening 2020 - yilgi "Mukammal yorqinlik bog'idagi jasad" detektiv romanida detektiv Jek Uenlok Rafflesdagi kontaktni izlaydi va intervyu oladi. Kitob davomida qahramonlar mehmonxonani hashamatli “Raffles” emas, balki oddiy “Raffles” deb atashadi.

Yana qarang

Stamford House, ilgari Raffles mehmonxonasi uchun qo'shimcha sifatida ijaraga olingan.
Eastern & Oriental Hotel va Strand Hotel, Sarkies Brothers tomonidan tashkil etilgan boshqa mashhur mehmonxonalar.

Manbalar

↑ Cangi, Ellen C. (1-aprel 1993-yil). „Civilizing the people of Southeast Asia: Sir Stamford Raffles' town plan for Singapore, 1819–23“. Planning Perspectives. 8-jild, № 2. 166–187-bet. doi:10.1080/02665439308725769.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
↑ „Accor Buys Luxury Fairmont Brands as Hotel Deals Heat Up“. BloomburgBusiness. 16-dekabr 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 29-dekabr 2015-yil.
↑ „Raffles Hotel – About Us“. Raffles Hotel. Fairmont Raffles Hotels International. Qaraldi: 31-mart 2019-yil.
↑ Cripps, Karla. „Singapore's historic Raffles Hotel reopens following two-year makeover“. CNNTravel. CNN (3-avgust 2019-yil). Qaraldi: 13-avgust 2019-yil.
↑ „Raffles Hotel“. Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board Singapore. 10-sentabr 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 28-sentabr 2015-yil.
↑ ^6,0 ^6,1 ^6,2 ^6,3 ^6,4 „Raffles Hotel“. Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board Singapore. 10-sentabr 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 28-sentabr 2015-yil."Raffles Hotel". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board Singapore. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
↑ „Raffles Hotel, Singapore“. Amassia Publishing. 2019-yil 20-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.
↑ Edwards, Norman. Singapore – A Guide to Buildings, Streets, Places. Times Books International, 1988. ISBN 9971-65-231-5. Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.
↑ Fergus. „Memories and Photos of the Raffles Hotel Singapore on Its 125th Anniversary“ (en-us). Condé Nast Traveler (16-sentabr 2012-yil). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 8-yanvar.
↑ „Skeletons, Royalty & Pop Stars: Secrets Of Raffles Hotel, As Told By Their Resident Historian Who's Worked Here For 48 Years“ (en). 8 Days. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 7-fevral.^{[sayt ishlamaydi]}
↑ „The Sarkies Brothers: forming Asia’s first hotel chain | Famoushotels.org“. famoushotels.org.
↑ Meade, Martin. Grand Oriental Hotels from Cairo to Tokyo, 1800–1939. J.M. Dent & Sons, 1987 — 172-bet. ISBN 0-460-04754-X.
↑ ^13,0 ^13,1 „Raffles Hotel – About Us“. Raffles Hotel. Fairmont Raffles Hotels International. Qaraldi: 31-mart 2019-yil."Raffles Hotel – About Us". Raffles Hotel. Fairmont Raffles Hotels International. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
↑ Shenon, Philip. „Singapore Journal; Back to Somerset Maugham and Life's Seamy Side“. The New York Times (10-oktabr 1991-yil). 25-may 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.
↑ Hinson. „How to make the Singapore Sling, from the hotel that invented it“ (en). The Independent (2019-yil 30-iyul). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 8-yanvar.
↑ „Raffles Hotel – Long Bar“. Raffles Hotel. Fairmont Raffles Hotels International. 5-oktabr 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.
↑ Ling, Chan Sue; Chua, Linus. „Colony to Buy Raffles' Hotel Business for S$1.45 Bln (Update5)“. Bloomberg (18-iyul 2005-yil). Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.
↑ „Raffles Hotel sold to Qatari Diar for $275 Million“. SWFI. Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute. Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.
↑ „Raffles Hotel, The Grand Old Lady of Singapore, Has Its Own Museum“. Thai Airways. 5-may 2018-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.
↑ „Visiting the Long Bar at Singapore's Historic Raffles Hotel“. Traveling With the Jones. 20-dekabr 2014-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.
↑ „Accor Buys Luxury Fairmont Brands as Hotel Deals Heat Up“. Bloomburg Business. 16-dekabr 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 29-dekabr 2015-yil.
↑ Mayuko Tani. „Raffles Hotel to close for 6 months for major renovation“. Nikkei (13-oktabr 2016-yil).
↑ Wu, Daven. „Inside the recently reopened Raffles Hotel: raise a Singapore sling to the marvellous makeover“. South China Morning Post (11-sentabr 2019-yil).
↑ Bowers. „Literature and history are transformed into cocktails at the new Writer's Bar“ (3-sentabr 2019-yil).
↑ Cai, Candice. „New 'old' Raffles Hotel reopens after 2-year renovation. Here's how it looks inside“. ASIAONE (1-avgust 2019-yil).
↑ Cripps, Karla. „Singapore's historic Raffles Hotel reopens following two-year makeover“. CNN (3-avgust 2019-yil).
↑ „Raffles: An Icon Reborn“. CNA. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 6-dekabr.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Augustin, Andreas. The Raffles treasury : secrets of a grand old lady, 4th rev., Singapore: A. Augustin, 1988. ISBN 9971-84-786-8. OCLC 53620216.
Andreas Augustin, Raffles, The Most Famous Hotels in the World. London/Singapore/Vienna, (1986)
Chefs of Raffles Hotel, The Raffles Hotel Cookbook. Butterworth-Heinemann (2003). ISBN 978-981-4068-58-1 ISBN 978-981-4068-58-1
Fables From the Raffles Hotel Arcade. Angsana Books (1995). ISBN 978-981-3056-72-5 ISBN 978-981-3056-72-5
Raymond Flower, The Year of the Tiger. Singapore (1986).
Gretchen Liu, Raffles Hotel style. Raffles Hotel (1997). ISBN 978-981-3018-86-0 ISBN 978-981-3018-86-0
Ralph Modder, Romancing the Raffles: A Collection of Short Stories. SNP Editions (2000). ISBN 981-4059-69-2 ISBN 981-4059-69-2
Ryu Murakami (Author), Corinne Atlan (trans.), Raffles Hotel. Picquier (2002). ISBN 978-2-87730-583-9 ISBN 978-2-87730-583-9
Lenzi, Iola. Museums of Southeast Asia. Singapore: Archipelago Press, 2004 — 200-bet. ISBN 981-4068-96-9.
Maurizio Peleggi, "The Social and Material Life of Colonial Hotels: Comfort Zones as Contact Zones in British Colombo and Singapore, ca. 1870–1930." Journal of Social History 46.1 (2012): 125–153
Ilsa Sharp, There Is Only One Raffles: The Story of a Grand Hotel. Ulverscroft Large Print (1991). ISBN 978-0-7089-2453-2 ISBN 978-0-7089-2453-2
William Warren, Jill Gocher. Asia's legendary hotels: the romance of travel. Singapore: Periplus Editions, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7946-0174-4.
Nadia Wright, Respected Citizens: The History of Armenians in Singapore and Malaysia. Amassia Publishing (2003), pp. 114–132. ISBN 978-0-9751082-0-8 ISBN 978-0-9751082-0-8

Havolalar

Geographic data related to Raffles Hotel at OpenStreetMap
Raffles Hotel timeline (Wayback Machine saytida 2023-05-12 sanasida arxivlangan)

[1] Cangi, Ellen C. (1-aprel 1993-yil). „Civilizing the people of Southeast Asia: Sir Stamford Raffles' town plan for Singapore, 1819–23“. Planning Perspectives. 8-jild, № 2. 166–187-bet. doi:10.1080/02665439308725769.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()

[2] „Accor Buys Luxury Fairmont Brands as Hotel Deals Heat Up“. BloomburgBusiness. 16-dekabr 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 29-dekabr 2015-yil.

[About_Raffles_Hotel-3] „Raffles Hotel – About Us“. Raffles Hotel. Fairmont Raffles Hotels International. Qaraldi: 31-mart 2019-yil.

[4] Cripps, Karla. „Singapore's historic Raffles Hotel reopens following two-year makeover“. CNNTravel. CNN (3-avgust 2019-yil). Qaraldi: 13-avgust 2019-yil.

[Hotel_Raffles_History-5] „Raffles Hotel“. Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board Singapore. 10-sentabr 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 28-sentabr 2015-yil.

[Hotel_History-6] 6,0 ^6,1 ^6,2 ^6,3 ^6,4 „Raffles Hotel“. Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board Singapore. 10-sentabr 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 28-sentabr 2015-yil."Raffles Hotel". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board Singapore. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.

[7] „Raffles Hotel, Singapore“. Amassia Publishing. 2019-yil 20-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.

[8] Edwards, Norman. Singapore – A Guide to Buildings, Streets, Places. Times Books International, 1988. ISBN 9971-65-231-5. Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.

[9] Fergus. „Memories and Photos of the Raffles Hotel Singapore on Its 125th Anniversary“ (en-us). Condé Nast Traveler (16-sentabr 2012-yil). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 8-yanvar.

[10] „Skeletons, Royalty & Pop Stars: Secrets Of Raffles Hotel, As Told By Their Resident Historian Who's Worked Here For 48 Years“ (en). 8 Days. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 7-fevral.^{[sayt ishlamaydi]}

[11] „The Sarkies Brothers: forming Asia’s first hotel chain | Famoushotels.org“. famoushotels.org.

[12] Meade, Martin. Grand Oriental Hotels from Cairo to Tokyo, 1800–1939. J.M. Dent & Sons, 1987 — 172-bet. ISBN 0-460-04754-X.

[About_Hotel-13] 13,0 ^13,1 „Raffles Hotel – About Us“. Raffles Hotel. Fairmont Raffles Hotels International. Qaraldi: 31-mart 2019-yil."Raffles Hotel – About Us". Raffles Hotel. Fairmont Raffles Hotels International. Retrieved 31 March 2019.

[14] Shenon, Philip. „Singapore Journal; Back to Somerset Maugham and Life's Seamy Side“. The New York Times (10-oktabr 1991-yil). 25-may 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.

[15] Hinson. „How to make the Singapore Sling, from the hotel that invented it“ (en). The Independent (2019-yil 30-iyul). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 8-yanvar.

[16] „Raffles Hotel – Long Bar“. Raffles Hotel. Fairmont Raffles Hotels International. 5-oktabr 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.

[17] Ling, Chan Sue; Chua, Linus. „Colony to Buy Raffles' Hotel Business for S$1.45 Bln (Update5)“. Bloomberg (18-iyul 2005-yil). Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.

[18] „Raffles Hotel sold to Qatari Diar for $275 Million“. SWFI. Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute. Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.

[19] „Raffles Hotel, The Grand Old Lady of Singapore, Has Its Own Museum“. Thai Airways. 5-may 2018-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.

[20] „Visiting the Long Bar at Singapore's Historic Raffles Hotel“. Traveling With the Jones. 20-dekabr 2014-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 29-sentabr 2015-yil.

[21] „Accor Buys Luxury Fairmont Brands as Hotel Deals Heat Up“. Bloomburg Business. 16-dekabr 2015-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 29-dekabr 2015-yil.

[22] Mayuko Tani. „Raffles Hotel to close for 6 months for major renovation“. Nikkei (13-oktabr 2016-yil).

[23] Wu, Daven. „Inside the recently reopened Raffles Hotel: raise a Singapore sling to the marvellous makeover“. South China Morning Post (11-sentabr 2019-yil).

[24] Bowers. „Literature and history are transformed into cocktails at the new Writer's Bar“ (3-sentabr 2019-yil).

[25] Cai, Candice. „New 'old' Raffles Hotel reopens after 2-year renovation. Here's how it looks inside“. ASIAONE (1-avgust 2019-yil).

[26] Cripps, Karla. „Singapore's historic Raffles Hotel reopens following two-year makeover“. CNN (3-avgust 2019-yil).

[CNA-27] „Raffles: An Icon Reborn“. CNA. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 6-dekabr.

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