Islom arxitekturasi

Islom meʼmorchiligi islom bilan bogʻliq binolarning meʼmoriy uslublarini oʻz ichiga oladi. U islomning ilk tarixidan to hozirgi kungacha dunyoviy va diniy uslublarni qamrab oladi. Islom olami tarixiy jihatdan Gʻarbiy Afrika va Yevropadan Sharqiy Osiyogacha boʻlgan keng geografik hududni oʻz ichiga oladi. Bu mintaqalarning barchasida islom meʼmorchiligi uslublarida maʼlum umumiyliklar mavjud, ammo vaqt oʻtishi bilan turli mintaqalar mahalliy materiallar va uslublar, mahalliy sulolalar va turli mintaqaviy badiiy ishlab chiqarish markazlari va baʼzan turli diniy mansubliklarga koʻra oʻz uslublarini ishlab chiqqan^[1]^[2].

Ilk islom meʼmorchiligi Rim, Vizantiya, Eron va Mesopotamiya meʼmorchiligi va VII—VIII asrlarda ilk musulmon istilolari bosib olgan boshqa barcha yerlarning taʼsiri ostida boʻlgan^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]. Sharqda, islom Janubiy va Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoga tarqalib ketganligi sababli, Xitoy va Hindiston meʼmorchiligi ham taʼsir koʻrsatdi. Keyinchalik u binolar shaklida va yuzalarni islom xattotligi, islimiy va geometrik naqshlar bilan bezashda oʻziga xos xususiyatlarni rivojlantirdi^[2]. Minoralar, muqarnaslar, multifoil kamarlar kabi yangi meʼmoriy elementlar ixtiro qilindi. Islom arxitekturasida keng tarqalgan yoki muhim binolar turlariga masjidlar, madrasalar, qabrlar, saroylar, saroylar , soʻfiylar hospislari (masalan, xonaqohlar), favvoralar va favvoralar, tijorat binolari (masalan, karvonsaroylar va bozorlar) va harbiy istehkomlar kiradi^[2].

Manbalar

↑ Tabbaa, Yasser „Architecture“, . Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three (en) Fleet: . Brill, 2007. ISBN 9789004161658.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 Bloom & Blair 2009.
↑ Petersen 1996, s. 295: „As the Arabs did not have an architectural tradition suited to the needs of a great empire, they adopted the building methods of the defeated Sassanian and Byzantine empires. Because they ruled from Syria, Byzantine influence was stronger, although Sassanian elements became increasingly important.“
↑ Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001.
↑ „Architecture“, The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture M. Bloom: . Oxford University Press, 2009 — 74, 78-bet. ISBN 9780195309911. „Although Syria remained the center of the Islamic empire for less than 90 years, its role in the development of Islamic architecture was crucial. The region's own ancient civilization, unified and transformed by Hellenization and overlaid with Roman and Christian elements, provided the basis for the new architectural style. The forms and conventions of Classical architecture were better understood in Syria than in the lands further east, and as a result some of the vocabulary of Umayyad architecture—of column and capital, pointed arch and dome, rib and vault—is familiar to a Western observer. These traditions declined in importance, however, as Muslim builders began to adopt the architectural styles of the newly conquered lands to the east—in Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia and even India. (...) The Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, founded in 749, ruled most of the Islamic lands from capital cities in Iraq during a golden age that lasted at least until the end of the 9th century. New styles of architecture were characterized by forms, techniques and motifs of Iraqi and Iranian origin. Some features of these styles, such as brick vaults and stucco renderings, had already appeared in buildings erected late in the Umayyad period (661–c. 750; see §III above), but they became increasingly widespread as a result of the power and prestige of the Abbasid court. In the Islamic lands around the Mediterranean, Late Antique traditions of stone construction roofed with wood continued, although new techniques and styles were eventually introduced from Iraq.“
↑ Grabar, Oleg „Art and Culture in the Islamic World“, . Islam: Art and Architecture Hattstein: . h.f.ullmann, 2011 — 36–37-bet. ISBN 9783848003808. „At this stage of scholarly knowledge, however, it is probably fair to say that Islam's Arabian past, essential for understanding the faith and its practices, and the Arabic language and its literature, is not as important for the forms used by Islamic art as the immensely richer world, from the Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia, taken over by Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. Even later, after centuries of independent growth, new conquests in Anatolia or India continued to bring new local themes and ideas into the mainstream of Islamic art.“
↑ Flood & Necipoğlu 2017, s. 30, Frameworks of Islamic Art and Architectural History: Concepts, Approaches, and Historiographies: „Thus, it is increasingly being recognized that the mutual Roman–Byzantine architectural heritage of the Mediterranean, which had played an important role in the formation of early Islamic art, continued to mediate the shared histories of European and Islamic art long after the medieval period.“

[:05223-1] Tabbaa, Yasser „Architecture“, . Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three (en) Fleet: . Brill, 2007. ISBN 9789004161658.

[FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009-2] 2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 Bloom & Blair 2009.

[:16-3] Petersen 1996, s. 295: „As the Arabs did not have an architectural tradition suited to the needs of a great empire, they adopted the building methods of the defeated Sassanian and Byzantine empires. Because they ruled from Syria, Byzantine influence was stronger, although Sassanian elements became increasingly important.“

[FOOTNOTEEttinghausenGrabarJenkins-Madina2001-4] Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001.

[:24132-5] „Architecture“, The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture M. Bloom: . Oxford University Press, 2009 — 74, 78-bet. ISBN 9780195309911. „Although Syria remained the center of the Islamic empire for less than 90 years, its role in the development of Islamic architecture was crucial. The region's own ancient civilization, unified and transformed by Hellenization and overlaid with Roman and Christian elements, provided the basis for the new architectural style. The forms and conventions of Classical architecture were better understood in Syria than in the lands further east, and as a result some of the vocabulary of Umayyad architecture—of column and capital, pointed arch and dome, rib and vault—is familiar to a Western observer. These traditions declined in importance, however, as Muslim builders began to adopt the architectural styles of the newly conquered lands to the east—in Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia and even India. (...) The Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, founded in 749, ruled most of the Islamic lands from capital cities in Iraq during a golden age that lasted at least until the end of the 9th century. New styles of architecture were characterized by forms, techniques and motifs of Iraqi and Iranian origin. Some features of these styles, such as brick vaults and stucco renderings, had already appeared in buildings erected late in the Umayyad period (661–c. 750; see §III above), but they became increasingly widespread as a result of the power and prestige of the Abbasid court. In the Islamic lands around the Mediterranean, Late Antique traditions of stone construction roofed with wood continued, although new techniques and styles were eventually introduced from Iraq.“

[:152-6] Grabar, Oleg „Art and Culture in the Islamic World“, . Islam: Art and Architecture Hattstein: . h.f.ullmann, 2011 — 36–37-bet. ISBN 9783848003808. „At this stage of scholarly knowledge, however, it is probably fair to say that Islam's Arabian past, essential for understanding the faith and its practices, and the Arabic language and its literature, is not as important for the forms used by Islamic art as the immensely richer world, from the Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia, taken over by Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. Even later, after centuries of independent growth, new conquests in Anatolia or India continued to bring new local themes and ideas into the mainstream of Islamic art.“

[7] Flood & Necipoğlu 2017, s. 30, Frameworks of Islamic Art and Architectural History: Concepts, Approaches, and Historiographies: „Thus, it is increasingly being recognized that the mutual Roman–Byzantine architectural heritage of the Mediterranean, which had played an important role in the formation of early Islamic art, continued to mediate the shared histories of European and Islamic art long after the medieval period.“

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