Geoffrey Chaucer

Geoffrey Chaucer
Tavalludi	tax. 1340-yillar; London, Angliya
Vafoti	25-oktabr 1400-yil (56–57 yosh); London, Angliya
Fuqaroligi	Kingdom of England
Kasbi	Muallif; shoir; faylasuf; byurokrat; diplomat;
Turmush oʻrtogʻi	Philippa Roet (turm. 1366)
Bolalari	4
Otasi	John Chaucer
Onasi	Agnes Copton
Imzosi

Geoffrey Chaucer (talaffuzi: Jeffri Choser; tax. 1340-yillar – 1400-yil 25-oktyabr) – ingliz shoiri va yozuvchisi^[1]. „The Canterbury Tales“ („Canterbury hikoyalari“) asari bilan tanilgan^[2]. Chaucer Westminster abbatligidagi „Shoirlar burchagi“ deb nomlangan joyga dafn etilgan ilk yozuvchi hisoblanadi. U, shuningdek, faylasuf va astronom sifatida ham shuhrat qozonib, oʻn yashar oʻgʻli Lewis uchun „A Treatise on the Astrolabe“ („Usturlab haqida risola“) ilmiy asarini yozgan. Yozuvchilikdan tashqari, byurokrat, saroy amaldori, diplomat va parlament aʼzosi oʻlaroq faoliyat yuritgan.

Chaucerning boshqa mashhur asarlari qatoriga „The Book of the Duchess“, „The House of Fame“, „The Legend of Good Women“ va „Troilus and Criseyde“ asarlari ham kiradi.

Hayoti

Ayrim maʼlumotlarga koʻra, Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-yillarning boshlarida Londonda tugʻilgan boʻlishi mumkin, ammo tugʻilgan kunining aniq sanasi va qayerda tugʻilganligi nomaʼlum. Chaucerning bobosi taverna qoʻriqchisi, vino sotuvchisi boʻlib ishlagan. Otasi John Chaucer qirollik buyrugʻi bilan mamlakatdagi muhim vino savdogarlaridan biriga aylangan^[3]. Geoffrey Chaucer oilasining bir necha oldingi avlodlari^[4]^[5] savdogarlar boʻlishgan^[6]. Uning familiyasi fransuzcha chaucier soʻzidan olingan boʻlib, bir vaqtlar „poyabzalchi“ degan maʼnoni anglatadi. Biroq ushbu soʻz hozirda shlang yoki tayta ishlab chiqaruvchi degan maʼnoni anglatadi^[7].

1324-yilda uning otasi John Chaucer xolasi tomonidan oʻgʻirlab ketilgan, bundan maqsad John Chaucerni oʻzining 12 yoshli qiziga uylantirish va bu orqali tegishli mulkni saqlab qolish boʻlgan. Biroq keyinchalik Chaucerning xolasi qamoqqa tashlangan va 250 funt sterling miqdorida jarimaga tortilgan. Bu pul miqdori hozirgi kunda taxminan 199421 funt sterlingga teng boʻlib, bunday miqdordagi mulkka ega oilaning moliyaviy jihatdan yaxshi sharoitda ekanligini koʻrsatadi^[8].

John Chaucer 1349-yilda Agnes Coptonga uylangan. Agnes Copton amakisi tomonidan 1354-yil 3-aprelda yozilgan vasiyatnomaga koʻra 24 ta doʻkon merosxoʻri boʻlgan^[9].

Faoliyati

Choser davlat xizmatchisi boʻlganligi sababli uning rasmiy hayoti haqida koʻplab maʼlumotlar hujjatlashtirilgan. Uning karyerasiga guvohlik beruvchi besh yuzga yaqin yozma maʼlumotlar mavjud^[10]. Shuningdek, Gauffrey saroy aʼzosi, diplomat va davlat xizmatchisi boʻlib ham ishlagan, shuningdek, 1389-yildan 1391-yilga qadar qirolning ishlari boʻyicha kotibi sifatida faoliyat yuritgan^[11].

1359-yilda, Yuz yillik urushning dastlabki bosqichlarida Edward III Fransiyaga bostirib kirgan va Chaucer Elisabethning turmush oʻrtogʻi bilan Lionel bilan ingliz armiyasi tarkibida sayohat qilgan. 1360-yilda Chaucer Rheims qamalida qoʻlga olingan. Edward uning ozod qilinushi uchun 16 funt sterling toʻlagan^[12] va Chaucer ozod qilingan.

Asarlari

The Book of the Duchess (1369)
The Parliament of Fowls (1380)
The House of Fame (1380)
The Legend of Good Women
Troylus and Cryseyde
The Canterbury Tales (1386)^[13]
The Book of the Lion
Romaunt of the Rose (tarjima)
De Consolatione Philosophiae (tarjima)
Treatise on the Astrolobe (tarjima)

Manbalar

↑ „Chaucer“. Cambridge University Press (2011). Qaraldi: 20-aprel 2020-yil.
↑ „Geoffrey Chaucer in Context“. Cambridge University Press (2019). Qaraldi: 20-aprel 2020-yil.
↑ Echard, Sian. The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain, 4 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons, 2017 — 425-bet. ISBN 9781118396988. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 11-sentyabr.
↑ Derek Brewer. Chaucer and His World. Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 1992 — 18–19-bet. ISBN 978-0-85991-366-9.
↑ Marion Turner. Chaucer: A European Life. Princeton University Press, 9 April 2019 — 26-bet. ISBN 978-0-691-16009-2.
↑ Briggs, Keith (June 2019). "The Malins in Chaucer's Ipswich Ancestry". Notes and Queries 66 (2): 201–202. doi:10.1093/notesj/gjz004.
↑ „Chaucer“, The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland Hanks: . Oxford UP, 2016. ISBN 978-0-19-967776-4.
↑ Skeat, W. W., ed. The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1899; Vol. I, pp. xi–xii.
↑ The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer: Romaunt of the rose. Minor poems. Clarendon Press, 1894 — 13, 14-bet.
↑ Skeat (1899); Vol. I, p. xvii.
↑ Rossignol, Rosalyn. Critical Companion to Chaucer: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York: Facts on File, 2006 — 551, 613-bet. ISBN 978-0-8160-6193-8.
↑ Chaucer Life Records, p. 24.
↑ Encyclopedia Britannica

Adabiyotlar

Chaucer's Miller's, Reeve's, and Cook's Tales: An Annotated Bibliography 1900–1992, The Chaucer Bibliographies. Toronto, Buffalo va London: University of Toronto Press, Rochester universiteti [1997], 1999. DOI:10.3138/9781442672895. ISBN 978-1-4426-7289-5.
Fruoco, Jonathan, ed. and transl. (2021). Le Livre de la Duchesse: oeuvres complètes (Tome I). Paris: Classiques Garnier, ISBN 978-2406119999.
The Riverside Chaucer, 3rd, Houghton-Mifflin, 1987. ISBN 978-0-395-29031-6.
Crow, Martin M.; Olsen, Clair C.. Chaucer: Life-Records, 1966.
Hopper, Vincent Foster. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (Selected): An Interlinear Translation. Barron's Educational Series, 1970. ISBN 978-0-8120-0039-9.
Hulbert, James Root. Chaucer's Official Life. Collegiate Press, G. Banta Pub. Co, 1912 — 75-bet. Qaraldi: 12-iyul 2011-yil.
Morley, Henry. A First Sketch of English Literature. Harvard University, 1883.
Skeat, W. W.. The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Clarendon Press, 1899.
Speirs, John. Chaucer the Maker. Faber and Faber, 1951.
Turner, Marion. Chaucer: A European Life. Princeton University Press, 2019.
Fruoco, Jonathan (2020). Chaucer’s Polyphony. The Modern in Medieval Poetry. Berlin-Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, De Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-5015-1849-2.
Ward, Adolphus W.. Chaucer. Edinburgh: R. & R. Clark, 1907.
The Oxford handbook of Chaucer, Oxford, 2020. ISBN 978-019-9582-655.

Havolalar

Chaucer bibliografiyasi (inglizcha)
Chaucer sahifasi – Harvard universiteti (inglizcha)

[1] „Chaucer“. Cambridge University Press (2011). Qaraldi: 20-aprel 2020-yil.

[2] „Geoffrey Chaucer in Context“. Cambridge University Press (2019). Qaraldi: 20-aprel 2020-yil.

[3] Echard, Sian. The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain, 4 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons, 2017 — 425-bet. ISBN 9781118396988. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 11-sentyabr.

[Brewer1992-4] Derek Brewer. Chaucer and His World. Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 1992 — 18–19-bet. ISBN 978-0-85991-366-9.

[Turner2019-5] Marion Turner. Chaucer: A European Life. Princeton University Press, 9 April 2019 — 26-bet. ISBN 978-0-691-16009-2.

[6] Briggs, Keith (June 2019). "The Malins in Chaucer's Ipswich Ancestry". Notes and Queries 66 (2): 201–202. doi:10.1093/notesj/gjz004.

[7] „Chaucer“, The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland Hanks: . Oxford UP, 2016. ISBN 978-0-19-967776-4.

[8] Skeat, W. W., ed. The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1899; Vol. I, pp. xi–xii.

[9] The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer: Romaunt of the rose. Minor poems. Clarendon Press, 1894 — 13, 14-bet.

[10] Skeat (1899); Vol. I, p. xvii.

[11] Rossignol, Rosalyn. Critical Companion to Chaucer: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York: Facts on File, 2006 — 551, 613-bet. ISBN 978-0-8160-6193-8.

[12] Chaucer Life Records, p. 24.

[13] Encyclopedia Britannica

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