Folklor

Nemis xalq ertagi, Gansel va Gretel; Arthur Rackham tomonidan chizilgan rasm, 1909-yil

Folklor (inglizchadan folk – „xalq“, lore – „bilim“, „donolik“) – xalq ijodini ifodalovchi termin. U maʼlum bir guruh xalqlar, madaniyat yoki submadaniyat uchun umumiy boʻlgan madaniyat majmuasidir. Unga xalq ogʻzaki ijodi anʼanalari, masalan, rivoyatlar, miflar, afsonalar, maqollar, sheʼrlar, latifalar va boshqalar kiradi.

Atamani fanga 1846-yilda ingliz arxeologi William Thoms olib kirgan. 1880—1990-yillarda „folklor“ termini koʻplab mamlakatlarda, jumladan, Rossiyada ham qoʻllana boshlagan. Folklorni akademik oʻrganish folklorshunoslik deb ataladi va u bakalavriat, magistratura va doktorlik darajalarida oʻrganilishi mumkin.

Oʻzbekistonda dastlab, „ogʻzaki adabiyot“, „ogʻiz adabiyoti“ atamalari qoʻllangan. „Folklor“ termini 30-yillarning oʻrtalaridan ishlatila boshlagan. 1939-yilda Hodi Zarifning „Oʻzbek folklori“ xrestomatiyasi nashr etilgach, bu termin oʻzbek folklorshunosligida mustahkam oʻrin oldi.

Tavsifi

Malayziyaning Selangor shtatidagi Batu g‘orlarida oʻtkaziladigan hind xalq ibodati

Xalq raqsi, Plovdiv, Bolgariya

Serb folklor guruhi, musiqa va liboslar. Serbiyaning Belgrad shahri koʻchalarida anʼanaviy serb xalq musiqasini ijro etayotgan bir guruh ijrochilar.

„Folklor“ soʻzi „folk“ va „lore“ soʻzlarining birikmasi boʻlib, 1846-yilda ingliz William Thoms tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan. U bu atamani hozirgi „ommaviy qadimgi narsalar“ yoki „ommaviy adabiyot“ atamalarining oʻrnini bosuvchi termin sifatida qoʻllagan. Soʻzning ikkinchi yarmi „lore“ qadimgi ingliz tilidan lār – koʻrsatma soʻzidan kelib chiqqan. Bu maʼlum bir guruhning koʻpincha ogʻizdan-ogʻizga oʻtib keladigan bilimlari va anʼanalari jamlanmasidir.

„Folk“ tushunchasi vaqt oʻtishi bilan oʻzgarib borgan. Thoms bu atamani dastlab yaratganida, „folk“ soʻzi faqat qishloqda yashovchi, asosan kambagʻal va savodsiz dehqonlarga nisbatan ishlatilgan. „Folk“ning zamonaviyroq taʼrifi esa oʻziga xos anʼanalar orqali umumiy oʻzligini ifodalovchi, ikki yoki undan ortiq kishidan iborat, umumiy xususiyatlarga ega ijtimoiy guruhdir. „Folk“ – bu moslashuvchan tushuncha boʻlib, u Amerika folkloridagi kabi butun bir millatga yoki bitta oila maʼnosida ham qoʻllanilishi mumkin.

„Folk“ tushunchasining kengaytirilgan ijtimoiy taʼrifi „folklor namunalari“ deb qaraladigan materiallarga, yaʼni folklorga kengroq nazar tashlashni qoʻllab-quvvatlaydi. Bu termin endilikda odamlarning soʻzlar bilan yaratadigan narsalari (ogʻzaki ijod), qoʻllari bilan yasaydigan buyumlari (moddiy ijod) va xatti-harakatlari orqali vujudga keltiradigan urf-odatlarini (anʼanaviy ijod) ham oʻziga jamlaydi. Folklor endi faqat eski yoki eskirgan narsalar bilan cheklanib qolmaydi. U xalq ijodi namunalari norasmiy tarzda, odatda anonim holda va doimo avloddan-avlodga oʻtib kelmoqda. Folklor guruhlar individualistik emas, balki jamoa asosida tashkil topgan boʻlib, oʻz anʼanalarini jamoa ichida rivojlantiradilar. „Yangi guruhlar paydo boʻlishi bilan yangi folklor ham yaratiladi… masalan, syorferlar, mototsiklchilar, kompyuter dasturchilari va boshqalar.“. Muallifi maʼlum boʻlgan har qanday alohida asar mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan yuqori madaniyatdan farqli oʻlaroq, folklor umumiy ijtimoiy guruh ichidagi umumiy oʻziga xoslikning ifodasi hisoblanadi.

Folklor artefaktlarni aniqlagan professional folklorshunoslar bu eʼtiqodlar, urf-odatlar va buyumlarning guruh uchun „ahamiyatini“ tushunishga intiladi, chunki bu madaniy birliklar guruh ichida maʼlum ahamiyatga ega boʻlmaganda bu anʼanalar davom ettirilmas edi. Biroq, bu maʼno vaqt oʻtishi bilan oʻzgarishi va oʻzgacha tarda shakllanishi mumkin. Masalan, 21-asrning Hellouin bayrami Oʻrta asrlardagi Hallouin arafasidek emas va hatto oʻzining tarixiy bayramdan mustaqil boʻlgan shahar afsonalari toʻplamini paydo qilgan. Ortodoks yahudiylikning tozalanish marosimlari dastlab suv kam boʻlgan hududlarda jamoat salomatligi uchun foydali edi, ammo hozirgi kunda bu urf-odatlar baʼzi odamlar uchun ortodoks yahudiy ekanliginigina anglatadi. Taqqoslash uchun, guruh ichida ham oʻtkaziladigan tish yuvish kabi oddiy harakat amaliy gigiyena va salomatlik masalasi boʻlib qolmoqda va guruhning boshqalardan alohidaligini belgilovchi anʼana darajasida eʼtirof etilmayapti. Anʼana dastlab esda saqlanadigan xatti-harakat boʻladi. U oʻzining amaliy maqsadini yoʻqotgach, agar harakatning dastlabki amaliyligidan tashqari maʼnosi boʻlmasa, uni keyingi avlodlarga oʻrgatishga hech qanday sabab qolmaydi. Mana shu maʼno folklorshunoslik, yaʼni xalq ogʻzaki ijodini oʻrganish fanining asosini tashkil etadi.

Ijtimoiy fanlarning nazariy jihatdan takomillashib borishi bilan folklor har qanday ijtimoiy guruhning tabiiy ravishda yuzaga keladigan va zarur tarkibiy qismi ekanligi ayon boʻldi. Folklor eski yoki qadimiy boʻlishi shart emas, u yaratilishda va avloddan-avlodga oʻtisda davom etmoqda. Shuningdek, u har qanday guruhda „biz“ va „ular“ni farqlash uchun qoʻllaniladi.

Tarifi

Doʻstlar fermada

Folklor teatri, Misr

XIX asrda asl „folklor“ atamasi bilan atalgan ijtimoiy guruh asosan qishloq aholisi, savodsiz va kambagʻal odamlardan iborat edi. Ular shahar aholisidan farqli oʻlaroq, qishloqlarda yashovchi dehqonlardan iborat boʻlgan. Faqatgina asr oxirlariga kelib, shahar proletariati (marksistik nazariya taʼsirida) qishloq kambagʻallari bilan birga xalq tushunchasi ostida birlashtirildi.

Tarixi

Xalq (folk) tarixini folklorning alohida kichik toifasi sifatida koʻrib chiqish uchun asos yaratilgan boʻlib, bu gʻoya Richard Dorson kabi folklorshunoslar tomonidan eʼtiborga olingan. Ushbu tadqiqot sohasi Amerika folklor jamiyatining Tarix va folklor boʻlimi homiyligidagi hamda folklorning tarix bilan aloqalari, shuningdek, folklorshunoslik tarixi bilan bogʻliq boʻlgan „The Folklore Historian“ yillik jurnalida taqdim etilgan.

Yana qarang

• Xalq ijodi
• Folklorshunoslik

Adabiyotlar

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Havolalar

• „Folklore – Electronic Journal of Folklore“. Folklore.ee.